{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T14:03:33Z","timestamp":1789653813083,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676332800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study is aimed to assess the magnitude of modern contraceptives utilisation and associated factors among reproductive age women in high fertility regions of Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>High fertility regions of Ethiopian.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total weighted sample of 3822 married reproductive age women.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In this study, data were obtained from the recent Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys. A total weighted sample of 3822 women of reproductive age was included. A multilevel mixed-effect binary logistic regression model was fitted to identify the significant associated factors of modern contraceptive utilisation. Statistical significance was determined using adjusted OR (AOR) with 95% CI.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The overall modern contraceptive utilisation was 29.75% (95% CI 28.2% to 31.2%). Among the factors associated with utilisation were women\u2019s age 25\u201334 years (AOR 1.3; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.66) and \u226535 (AOR 1.71; 95% CI 1.37 to 2.70), husband\u2019s occupation (AOR 1.49; 95% CI 1.03 to 1.99), number of alive children: 1\u20134 (AOR 2.20; 95% CI 1.47 to 3.30), 5\u20138 (AOR 1.74; 95% CI 1.09 to 2.77), husband\u2019s desired number of children (AOR 0.77; 95% CI 0.61 to 0 .96), residency (AOR 2.37; 95% CI 1.20 to 4.67), community media exposure (AOR 1.77; 95% CI 1.01 to 3.08), region (AOR 0.13; 95% CI 0.03 to 0.52) and religion (AOR 0.49; 95% CI 0.36 to 0.66) were significantly associated with modern contraceptive utilisation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Modern contraceptives utilisation in high fertility regions of Ethiopia was low. Women age, husband occupation, number of living children, husband\u2019s desired number of children, residency, community media exposure, region and religion were significantly associated with modern contraceptive utilisation. Therefore, to improve the utilisation of modern contraceptives, public health policy makers should consider creating awareness through mass media, male involvement in family planning, as well as family planning programmes, should be encouraged in rural areas.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-066432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T12:15:11Z","timestamp":1676376911000},"page":"e066432","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Modern contraceptive utilisation and its associated factors among reproductive age women in high fertility regions of Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis of Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1738-6029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tadele Biresaw","family":"Belachew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Systems and Policy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9720-7558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wubshet Debebe","family":"Negash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Systems and Policy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Desalegn Anmut","family":"Bitew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Health, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7302-2575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Desale Bihonegn","family":"Asmamaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Health, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69480-4"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.2","unstructured":"Kesetebirhan A . National guideline for family planning services in Ethiopia. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Ministry of Health, 2011."},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.srhc.2019.05.001","article-title":"Health care providers\u2019 perceptions of family planning and contraception education for adolescents in Kampala, Uganda-a qualitative study","volume":"21","author":"Nalwadda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sex Reprod Healthc"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.4","unstructured":"Organization WH . Family planning: a global handbook for providers. World Health Organization, 2018."},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202967","article-title":"Contraceptive method mix and preference: a focus on long acting reversible contraception in urban Cameroon","volume":"13","author":"Ajong","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.6","first-page":"E3","article-title":"Regional trends in the use of short-acting and long-acting contraception accessed through the private and public sectors","volume":"130 Suppl 3","author":"Ugaz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-017-0382-2","article-title":"Factors influencing use of long-acting versus short-acting contraceptive methods among reproductive-age women in a resource-limited setting","volume":"17","author":"Tibaijuka","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2018.1431901","article-title":"Unmet demand for short-acting hormonal and long-acting reversible contraception among community college students in Texas","volume":"66","author":"Hopkins","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Health"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e31820ce2f0"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-022-00977-1","article-title":"Long acting reversible contraceptive utilization and its associated factors among modern contraceptive users in high fertility sub-saharan Africa countries: a multi-level analysis of recent demographic and health surveys","volume":"80","author":"Negash","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Public Health"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2019.12.002"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-12-1"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-3942-0","article-title":"Utilization and determinants of long term and permanent contraceptive methods among married reproductive age women at janamora district, Northwest Ethiopia","volume":"11","author":"Getahun","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-017-0432-9","article-title":"Factors associated with utilization of long-acting and permanent contraceptive methods among women who have decided not to have more children in Gondar city","volume":"17","author":"Zenebe","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.10.083329"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.16","unstructured":"Miller K , Miller RA , Askew I , et al . Clinic-based family planning and reproductive health services in Africa: findings from situation analysis studies. 1998."},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.5897\/JPHE2018.1112","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude and uptake of family planning services among women of reproductive age group attending outpatient clinic at a tertiary health institution in edo state, Nigeria","volume":"11","author":"Innocent","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Public Health Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.4054\/DemRes.2011.25.27","article-title":"Ethnic differentials of the impact of family planning program on contraceptive use in Nepal","volume":"25","author":"Sharma","year":"2011","journal-title":"DemRes"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.18801\/jmsmr.020116.09","article-title":"Factors affecting contraceptive use among married women of reproductive age in Bangladesh","volume":"2","author":"Kibria","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Mol Stud Med Res"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.6201","article-title":"Factors associated with contraceptive use in a rural area in Western Cape province","volume":"103","author":"Peer","year":"2013","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.11648\/j.sjph.20140205.18","article-title":"Determinants of use of modern family planning methods: a case of baringo North district, Kenya","volume":"2","author":"Malalu","year":"2014","journal-title":"SJPH"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2115-5"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4755-8-1"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4755-10-41"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061335","article-title":"Family planning knowledge, attitude and practice among married couples in jimma zone, Ethiopia","volume":"8","author":"Tilahun","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.11564\/28-1-503","article-title":"Determinants of unmet need for modern contraception and reasons for non-use among married women in rural areas of Burkina Faso","volume":"28","author":"Adebowale","year":"2014","journal-title":"APS"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-14-1"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2015.20.10.5301","article-title":"Factors influencing the uptake of family planning services in the talensi district, Ghana","volume":"20","author":"Apanga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-017-0281-x","article-title":"Factors associated with contraceptive use in tigray, North Ethiopia","volume":"14","author":"Medhanyie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4755-11-1"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16050888","article-title":"Pregnant women\u2019s intentions to deliver at a health facility in the pastoralist communities of afar, Ethiopia: an application of the health belief model","volume":"16","author":"Kahsay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-018-0550-3","article-title":"Understanding modern contraception uptake in one Ethiopian community: a case study","volume":"15","author":"Sedlander","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-019-1545-0","article-title":"Determinants of stunting among under-five children in Ethiopia: a multilevel mixed-effects analysis of 2016 Ethiopian demographic and health survey data","volume":"19","author":"Fantay Gebru","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-019-0371-z","article-title":"Individual and community level associates of contraceptive use in Ethiopia: a multilevel mixed effects analysis","volume":"77","author":"Abate","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Public Health"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.35","unstructured":"African countries with the highest fertility rate | Statista. 2021. Available: https:\/\/worldpopulationreview.com\/countries\/total-fertility-rate"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.36","unstructured":"Central statistical agency (CSA)[ethiopia] and ICF . Ethiopia demographic and health survey, addis ababa. Ethiopia and Calverton, Maryland, USA, 2016."},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys184"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.38","unstructured":"Croft T , Marshall A , Allen C . Guide to DHS statistics. Rockville: ICF, 2018."},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40066-018-0219-8","article-title":"Determinants of inadequate minimum dietary diversity among children aged 6\u201323 months in Ethiopia: secondary data analysis from Ethiopian demographic and health survey 2016","volume":"7","author":"Eshete","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric & Food Secur"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-020-00923-9","article-title":"Modern contraceptive utilization and associated factors among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia: evidence from 2016 Ethiopia demographic and health survey","volume":"20","author":"Gebre","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08934-9","article-title":"Individual and community level factors associated with anemia among lactating mothers in Ethiopia using data from Ethiopian demographic and health survey, 2016; a multilevel analysis","volume":"20","author":"Liyew","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-020-00483-2","article-title":"Predictors of unmet need for family planning in Ethiopia 2019: a systematic review and meta analysis","volume":"78","author":"Getaneh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Public Health"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.43","first-page":"367","article-title":"Modern contraceptive methods utilization and associated factors among reproductive aged women in rural dembia district, Northwest Ethiopia: community based cross-sectional study","volume":"15","author":"Debebe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Reprod Biomed"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.44","unstructured":"Ethiopia demographic and health survey 2011. Maryland, USA: Central Statistical Agency Addis Ababa Ethiopia ICF International Calverton, 2012."},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.45","first-page":"63","article-title":"The prevalence of covert use of contraceptives in nazareth\/adama town","volume":"13","author":"Biruk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-4505-7-29","article-title":"Modeling trends of health and health related indicators in Ethiopia (1995-2008): a time-series study","volume":"7","author":"Abraha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Res Policy Syst"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8010327","article-title":"Modern contraceptive utilization and associated factors among married gumuz women in metekel zone North West Ethiopia","volume":"2020","author":"Adane","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-021-00621-4","article-title":"Predictors of modern contraceptive usage among sexually active rural women in Ethiopia: a multi-level analysis","volume":"79","author":"Fenta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Public Health"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/15.1.43"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1363\/3517609","article-title":"The influence of wives\u2019 and husbands\u2019 education levels on contraceptive method choice in Nepal, 1996-2006","volume":"35","author":"Gubhaju","year":"2009","journal-title":"IPSRH"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.15294\/kemas.v15i1.14098","article-title":"Factors affecting the use of contraceptive in Indonesia: analysis from the National socioeconomic survey (susenas)","volume":"15","author":"Idris","year":"2019","journal-title":"KEMAS"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1611-y","article-title":"Predictors of modern contraceptive use during the postpartum period among women in Uganda: a population-based cross sectional study","volume":"15","author":"Rutaremwa","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3292-6","article-title":"Factor associated with experience of modern contraceptive use before pregnancy among women who gave birth in kersa HDSS, Ethiopia","volume":"16","author":"Musa","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-030485","article-title":"Modern contraceptive use among sexually active women aged 15-19 years in north-western Tanzania: results from the adolescent 360 (A360) baseline survey","volume":"9","author":"Nsanya","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.55","first-page":"297","article-title":"Prevalence of modern contraceptive use among reproductive women with hypertension and diabetes in a government hospital in BATAM, Indonesia and its socio-demographic determinants","volume":"5","author":"Devita","year":"2018","journal-title":"IJPHCS"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-016-0272-3","article-title":"Determinants of fertility desire among married or cohabiting individuals in Rakai, Uganda: a cross-sectional study","volume":"14","author":"Matovu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s40834-017-0053-6","article-title":"Indicators of young women\u2019s modern contraceptive use in Burkina Faso and Mali from demographic and health survey data","volume":"2","author":"O\u2019Regan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Contracept Reprod Med"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5098-1","article-title":"Identifying factors influencing contraceptive use in Bangladesh: evidence from BDHS 2014 data","volume":"18","author":"Hossain","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9256","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110909256","article-title":"The impact of water and sanitation on childhood mortality in Nigeria: evidence from demographic and health surveys, 2003-2013","volume":"11","author":"Ezeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.60","article-title":"Sociodemographic factors on contraceptive use among ever-married women of reproductive age: evidence from three demographic and health surveys in Bangladesh","volume":"5","author":"Haq","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Sci (Basel)"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.18203\/2394-6040.ijcmph20190200","article-title":"Socio-demographic determinants and modern family planning usage pattern-an analysis of national family health survey-IV data","volume":"6","author":"Dey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Community Med Public Health"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-015-0208-z","article-title":"Predictors of modern contraceptive methods use among married women of reproductive age groups in Western Ethiopia: a community based cross-sectional study","volume":"15","author":"Tekelab","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.29063\/ajrh2017\/v21i3.8","article-title":"Determinants of modern contraceptive uptake among Nigerian women: evidence from the National demographic and health survey","volume":"21","author":"Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Afr J Reprod Health"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.64","first-page":"551","article-title":"Factors influencing contraceptive use among women in Afghanistan: secondary analysis of Afghanistan health survey 2012","volume":"77","author":"Osmani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nagoya J Med Sci"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s10389-016-0738-3","article-title":"Wealth index, empowerment and modern contraceptive use among married women in Nigeria: are they interrelated?","volume":"24","author":"Adebowale","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Public Health"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6874-14-40"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agbadi P , Tagoe E , Akosua AF , et al . A multilevel analysis of predictors of modern contraceptive use among reproductive age women in sierra leone: insight from demographic and health surveys. SocArXiv [Preprint]. doi:10.31235\/osf.io\/vu5ag","DOI":"10.31235\/osf.io\/vu5ag"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.68","unstructured":"Ababa A . Ethiopia [Google Scholar]. 2013. Available: https:\/\/wfpha.confex.com\/wfpha\/2012\/webprogram.Paper10587.html"},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.69","unstructured":"Roudi-Fahimi F . Islam and family planning: population reference. Washington, DC Bureau; 2004."},{"key":"2025101810281821000_13.2.e066432.70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2307\/30032471","article-title":"Male knowledge, attitudes, and family planning practices in northern Nigeria","volume":"10","author":"Duze","year":"2006","journal-title":"Afr J Reprod Health"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-066432","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T17:28:30Z","timestamp":1760808510000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-066432"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-066432"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-066432","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}}}