{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:37:36Z","timestamp":1792798656823,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]],"date-time":"2022-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668124800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5K99AG066949-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5K99AG066949-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30AG049638"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AG049638"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG054069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG054069"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG058969"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG058969"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG072634"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG072634"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000097","name":"National Center for Research Resources","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1-TR-000040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1-TR-000040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000097","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000097","name":"National Center for Research Resources","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1-TR-001079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1-TR-001079"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000097","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N01-HC-95159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N01-HC-95159"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N01-HC-95160"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N01-HC-95160"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N01-HC-95161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N01-HC-95161"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N01-HC-95162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N01-HC-95162"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N01-HC-95163"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N01-HC-95163"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N01-HC-95164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N01-HC-95164"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N01-HC-95165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N01-HC-95165"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N01-HC-95166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N01-HC-95166"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N01-HC-95167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N01-HC-95167"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N01-HC-95168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N01-HC-95168"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N01-HC-95169"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N01-HC-95169"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIH 2R01 HL071759"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH 2R01 HL071759"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL127659"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL127659"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Robert Wood Johnson, Active Living Research Program","award":["52319"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52319"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ymmdj85","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The burden of Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) and AD-related dementias (ADRD) is increasing nationally and globally, with disproportionate impacts on lower-income, lower education and systematically marginalised older adults. Presence of inequalities in neighbourhood factors (eg, social context, physical and built environments) may affect risk of cognitive decline and be key for intervening on AD\/ADRD disparities at the population level. However, existing studies are limited by a dearth of longitudinal, detailed neighbourhood measures linked to rich, prospective cohort data. Our main objective is to identify patterns of neighbourhood change related to prevalence of\u2014and disparities in\u2014cognitive decline and dementia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analyses<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We describe the process of collecting, processing and linking extensive neighbourhood data to the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), creating a 25+ years dataset. Within the MESA parent study, the MESA Neighborhoods and Aging cohort study will characterise dynamic, longitudinal neighbourhood social and built environment variables relevant to cognition for residential addresses of MESA participants. This includes administering new surveys, expanding residential address histories, calculating new measures derived from spatial data and implementing novel deep learning algorithms on street-level imagery. Applying novel statistical techniques, we will examine associations of neighbourhood environmental characteristics with cognition and clinically relevant AD\/ADRD outcomes. We will investigate determinants of disparities in outcomes by socioeconomic position and race\/ethnicity and assess the contribution of neighbourhood environments to these disparities. This project will provide new evidence about pathways between neighbourhood environments and cognitive outcomes, with implications for policies to support healthy ageing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This project was approved by the University of Washington and Drexel University Institutional Review Boards (protocols #00009029 and #00014523, and #180900605). Data will be distributed through the MESA Coordinating Center. Findings will be disseminated in peer-reviewed scientific journals, briefs, presentations and on the participant website.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-066971","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]],"date-time":"2022-11-11T10:06:14Z","timestamp":1668161174000},"page":"e066971","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Longitudinal neighbourhood determinants with cognitive health and dementia disparities: protocol of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis Neighborhoods and Aging prospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3355-5558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jana A","family":"Hirsch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban Health Collaborative and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvonne L","family":"Michael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kari A","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban Health Collaborative, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Melly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban Health Collaborative, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy M","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Hayden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Bowman Gray Center for Medical Education, Winston-Salem, Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose A","family":"Luchsinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcia P","family":"Jimenez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Population Medicine, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilah M","family":"Besser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brisa","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana V","family":"Diez Roux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2017.02.013"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2019.102206","article-title":"Building the evidence for an ecological model of cognitive health","volume":"60","author":"Cerin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.3054","article-title":"Associations of neighborhood characteristics with sleep timing and quality: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis","volume":"36","author":"Desantis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsw016","article-title":"The neighborhood social environment and objective measures of sleep in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis","volume":"40","author":"Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwt263"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2009.07.008"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e49","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301773","article-title":"Change in walking and body mass index following residential relocation: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis","volume":"104","author":"Hirsch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu218"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069778","article-title":"Associations of organic produce consumption with socioeconomic status and the local food environment: multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA)","volume":"8","author":"Curl","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp090"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.26434"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm394"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2015.2691","article-title":"Longitudinal associations between neighborhood physical and social environments and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"175","author":"Christine","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2009.302"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.002","article-title":"The impact of neighborhoods on cv risk","volume":"11","author":"Diez Roux","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob Heart"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.020534"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpy066","article-title":"Longitudinal associations of neighborhood crime and perceived safety with blood pressure: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA)","volume":"31","author":"Mayne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2450","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20873","article-title":"Built environment change and change in BMI and waist circumference: multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis","volume":"22","author":"Hirsch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx186","article-title":"Neighborhood physical environment and changes in body mass index: results from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis","volume":"186","author":"Barrientos-Gutierrez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.01.007","article-title":"Neighborhood built environment and cognition in non-demented older adults: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis","volume":"200","author":"Besser","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2010.128116"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.07.001"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5239","article-title":"Neighborhood-based social capital and cognitive function among older adults in five low- and middle-income countries: evidence from the World Health Organization study on global ageing and adult health","volume":"35","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2020.1725803","article-title":"Impact of individual and neighborhood dimensions of socioeconomic status on the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment over seven-year follow-up","volume":"25","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Bl\u00e1zquez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging Ment Health"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuchibhatla M , Hunter JC , Plassman BL . The association between neighborhood socioeconomic status, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risk factors, and cognitive decline in the health and retirement study (HRS). Aging Mental Health 2019:1\u20138.doi:10.1080\/13607863.2019.1594169","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2019.1594169"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwv337"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000631","article-title":"Statistical methods to study variation in associations between food store availability and body mass in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis","volume":"28","author":"Baek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.5967","article-title":"Hierarchical multiple informants models: examining food environment contributions to the childhood obesity epidemic","volume":"33","author":"Baek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000396"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwv230"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.31","unstructured":"Peterson A , Berrocal V , Sanchez B . Identifying Amenity Typologies in the built environment: a Bayesian non-parametric approach. spring meeting of the eastern North American region of the International biometrics Society. Nashville; TN2020."},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2021.102722","article-title":"Exploring the spatial scale effects of built environments on transport walking: multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis","volume":"73","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.33","unstructured":"Peterson A , Sanchez B . rstap: an R package for spatial temporal aggregated predictor models. arXiv 2018:10208.doi:10.48550\/arXiv.1812.10208"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.06.3063","article-title":"Racial and ethnic estimates of alzheimer\u2019s disease and related dementias in the United States (2015\u20132060) in adults aged \u226565 years","volume":"15","author":"Matthews","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimer's & Dementia"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.09.009","article-title":"Perspectives on ethnic and racial disparities in Alzheimer's disease and related dementias: update and areas of immediate need","volume":"15","author":"Babulal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2016.06.2360","article-title":"Systematic review of dementia prevalence and incidence in United States race\/ethnic populations","volume":"13","author":"Mehta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0b013e318211c83c"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2005.02.008"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-153-3-201008030-00258"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.07.221","article-title":"Progress and future challenges in aging and diversity research in the United States","volume":"15","author":"Brewster","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12818","article-title":"Variation in the physical activity environment according to area-level socio-economic position-A systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Jacobs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-014-9893-4"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.09.025"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.058040"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2014.04.011","article-title":"Do minority and poor neighborhoods have higher access to fast-food restaurants in the United States?","volume":"29","author":"James","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.09.030"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S18","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-012-9426-x","article-title":"Spatial disparities in the distribution of parks and green spaces in the USA","volume":"45 Suppl 1","author":"Wen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14121546","article-title":"Race, ethnicity, income concentration and 10-year change in urban greenness in the United States","volume":"14","author":"Casey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2017.06.011","article-title":"First\/last mile transit access as an equity planning issue","volume":"103","author":"Boarnet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp Res Part A Policy Pract"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.09.032","article-title":"How much are built environments changing, and where?: patterns of change by neighborhood sociodemographic characteristics across seven U.S. metropolitan areas","volume":"169","author":"Hirsch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.51","first-page":"181","article-title":"Neighborhood sociodemographics and change in built infrastructure","volume":"10","author":"Hirsch","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Urban"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf113"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.53","unstructured":"Walls & Associates . National establishment time-series (nets) database, 2015"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.54","unstructured":"Retail site Database- the ultimate source, 2008"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2012.06.016"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2015.05.028","article-title":"Disparities in physical activity resource availability in six us regions","volume":"78","author":"Jones","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evenson KR , Wen F . Using geographic information systems to compare municipal, County, and commercial parks data. Prev Chronic Dis 2013;10.doi:10.5888\/pcd10.120265","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd10.120265"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2333721416655966","article-title":"In which neighborhoods are older adult populations expanding?: sociodemographic and built environment characteristics across neighborhood trajectory classes of older adult populations in four U.S. cities over 30 years","volume":"2","author":"Rummo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gerontol Geriatr Med"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Getis A , Ord JK . The analysis of spatial association by use of distance statistics. In: Perspectives on spatial data analysis: Springer, 2010: 127\u201345.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-01976-0_10"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2015.2691","article-title":"Longitudinal associations between neighborhood physical and social environments and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA)","volume":"175","author":"Christine","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2010.12.002"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxp001"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302955"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2021.100900","article-title":"Development of an instrument to measure perceived gentrification for health research: perceptions about changes in environments and residents (PACER)","volume":"15","author":"Hirsch","year":"2021","journal-title":"SSM Popul Health"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao H , Shi J , Qi X , et al . Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition. In: Pyramid scene parsing network, 2017.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.660"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.66","first-page":"1097","article-title":"Imagenet classification with deep convolutional neural networks","volume":"25","author":"Krizhevsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.67","unstructured":"Simonyan K , Zisserman A . Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition. arXiv 2014:14091556.doi:10.48550\/arXiv.1409.1556"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szegedy C , Liu W , Jia Y , et al . Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition. In: Going deeper with convolutions, 2015.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7298594"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He K , Zhang X , Ren S , et al . Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition. In: Deep residual learning for image recognition, 2016.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Long J , Shelhamer E , Darrell T . Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition. In: Fully convolutional networks for semantic segmentation, 2015.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7298965"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14680","DOI":"10.3390\/rs71114680","article-title":"Transferring deep convolutional neural networks for the scene classification of high-resolution remote sensing imagery","volume":"7","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2016.07.001","article-title":"Towards better exploiting convolutional neural networks for remote sensing scene classification","volume":"61","author":"Nogueira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15081576","article-title":"The association of urban greenness and walking behavior: using google street view and deep learning techniques to estimate residents\u2019 exposure to urban greenness","volume":"15","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610294001602"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610207005327","article-title":"Evaluating the uses of the total score and the domain scores in the cognitive abilities screening instrument, Chinese version (CASI C-2.0): results of confirmatory factor analysis","volume":"19","author":"Tsai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.76","first-page":"403","article-title":"[Wechsler adult intelligence scale-III (WAIS-III)]","volume":"69 Suppl 8","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nihon Rinsho"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.77","unstructured":"Wechsler D . Wechsler adult intelligence scale. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 1955."},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0000000000000223"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01688639208402827"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.107.6.926"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2010.10.026"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1958.8.3.271"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.84","unstructured":"Reitan RM . Trail making test: manual for administration and scoring: Reitan neuropsychology laboratory, 1992."},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.85","first-page":"57","article-title":"Wide range achievement test 4 professional manual: psychological assessment resources","volume":"52","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rehabil Couns Bull"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.86","first-page":"249","article-title":"The quick dementia rating system (QDRS): a rapid dementia staging tool","volume":"1","author":"Galvin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0000000000000388","article-title":"Expanded demographic norms for version 3 of the alzheimer disease centers\u2019 neuropsychological test battery in the uniform data set","volume":"34","author":"Sachs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Associated Disorders"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2015.2395257"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.008","article-title":"The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer\u2019s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on aging\u2010alzheimer\u2019s association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Albert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alzheimer's &amp; Dementia"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.005","article-title":"The diagnosis of dementia due to alzheimer\u2019s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on aging\u2010alzheimer\u2019s association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"McKhann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alzheimer's &amp; Dementia"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.02.018","article-title":"NIA\u2010AA rResearch fFramework: tToward a biological definition of aAlzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Jack","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimer's & Dementia"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.92","unstructured":"Allison PD . Fixed effects regression methods for longitudinal data using SAS: SAS Institute, 2005."},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econlet.2010.02.007"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwy248","article-title":"Causal mediation analysis with observational data: considerations and illustration examining mechanisms linking neighborhood poverty to adolescent substance use","volume":"188","author":"Rudolph","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000832","article-title":"Mediation of neighborhood effects on adolescent substance use by the school and peer environments","volume":"29","author":"Rudolph","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.96","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health . NIH policy on sex as a biological variable Bethesda, MD2020. Available: https:\/\/orwh.od.nih.gov\/sex-gender\/nih-policy-sex-biological-variable"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.97","first-page":"79","article-title":"Gender differences in walking behavior, attitudes about walking, and perceptions of the environment in three Maryland communities","volume":"2","author":"Clifton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Research on women\u2019s issues in transportation"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.01.015","article-title":"Pathways connecting neighborhood influences and mental well-being: socioeconomic position and gender differences","volume":"68","author":"Burke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/soc5010151"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128710389587"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0164027582004003001"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280210395740"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25515","article-title":"Sleep\u2010disordered breathing and poststroke outcomes","volume":"86","author":"Lisabeth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.104","article-title":"Ethnic differences in prevalence of post-stroke depression","volume":"11","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2025121509594371000_12.11.e066971.105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.003912"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-066971","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T17:59:53Z","timestamp":1765821593000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-066971"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-066971"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-066971","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}}}