{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T01:53:17Z","timestamp":1747187597237,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680134400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":29,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine the prevalence of, and understand the factors associated with, hypertension among the nomadic Raute hunter-gatherers of Western Nepal.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>A mixed-method study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study was carried out at Raute temporary campsites in the Surkhet District of Karnali Province between May and September 2021.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>The questionnaire-based survey included all males and non-pregnant females of the nomadic Raute group aged 15 years and above. In-depth interviews were conducted among purposively selected 15 Raute participants and four non-Raute key informants to help explain and enrich the quantitative findings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Outcome measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of hypertension (defined as brachial artery blood pressure of systolic \u2265140\u2009mm Hg and\/or diastolic \u226590\u2009mm Hg) and its sociodemographic, anthropometric and behavioural covariates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the 85 eligible participants, 81 (median age 35 years (IQR: 26\u201351), 46.9% female) were included in the final analysis. Hypertension was found in 10.5% of females, 48.8% of males and 30.9% of the total population. Current alcohol and tobacco use were high (91.4% and 70.4%, respectively), with concerning high rates among youths. Males, older people, current drinkers and current tobacco users were more likely to have hypertension. Our qualitative analysis suggests that the traditional forest-based Raute economy is gradually transitioning into a cash-based one that heavily relies on government incentives. Consumption of commercial foods, drinks and tobacco products is increasing as their market involvement grows.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study found a high burden of hypertension, alcohol and tobacco use among nomadic Raute hunter-gatherers facing socioeconomic and dietary transitions. Further research is needed to assess the long-term impact of these changes on their health. This study is expected to help appraise concerned policymakers of an emerging health concern and formulate context-specific and culturally sensitive interventions to limit hypertension-related morbidities and mortalities in this endangered population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-067312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T15:02:52Z","timestamp":1680188572000},"page":"e067312","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Arterial hypertension and its covariates among nomadic Raute hunter-gatherers of Western Nepal: a mixed-method study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0264-3566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tapendra","family":"Koirala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Udaya Bahadur","family":"B C","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmina","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ujjawal","family":"Paudel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rolina","family":"Dhital","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunil","family":"Pokharel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Madhusudan","family":"Subedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023033007101006000_13.3.e067312.1","unstructured":"Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopedia . n.d. 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