{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T22:26:37Z","timestamp":1767911197245,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]],"date-time":"2023-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686700800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Australian National Health and Medical Research Council","award":["1153299"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1153299"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the effectiveness of bar graph, pictograph and line graph compared with text-only, and to each other, for communicating prognosis to the public.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two online four-arm parallel-group randomised controlled trials. Statistical significance was set at p&lt;0.016 to allow for three-primary comparisons.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants and setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two Australian samples were recruited from members registered at Dynata online survey company. In trial A: 470 participants were randomised to one of the four arms, 417 were included in the analysis. In trial B: 499 were randomised and 433 were analysed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In each trial four visual presentations were tested: bar graph, pictograph, line graph and text-only. Trial A communicated prognostic information about an acute condition (acute otitis media) and trial B about a chronic condition (lateral epicondylitis). Both conditions are typically managed in primary care where \u2018wait and see\u2019 is a legitimate option.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main outcome<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Comprehension of information (scored 0\u20136).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Secondary outcomes<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Decision intention, presentation satisfaction and preferences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In both trials, the mean comprehension score was 3.7 for the text-only group. None of the visual presentations were superior to text-only. In trial A, the adjusted mean difference (MD) compared with text-only was: 0.19 (95% CI \u22120.16 to 0.55) for bar graph, 0.4 (0.04 to 0.76) for pictograph and 0.06 (\u22120.32 to 0.44) for line graph. In trial B, the adjusted MD was: 0.1 (\u22120.27 to 0.47) for bar graph), 0.38 (0.01 to 0.74) for pictograph and 0.1 (\u22120.27 to 0.48) for line graph. Pairwise comparisons between the three graphs showed all were clinically equivalent (95% CIs between \u22121.0 and 1.0). In both trials, bar graph was the most preferred presentation (chosen by 32.9% of trial A participants and 35.6% in trial B).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Any of the four visual presentations tested may be suitable to use when discussing quantitative prognostic information.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12621001305819).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-067624","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]],"date-time":"2023-06-14T13:40:18Z","timestamp":1686750018000},"page":"e067624","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effect 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