{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T09:52:28Z","timestamp":1793267548035,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":153,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]],"date-time":"2024-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704240000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000008","name":"Health Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1516-HQ-000017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1516-HQ-000017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000008","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002879","name":"Canadian HIV Trials Network, Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["119801 and FRN 147994"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["119801 and FRN 147994"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002879","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective of this study is to evaluate the comparative benefits and harms of opioids and cannabis for medical use for chronic non-cancer pain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Systematic review and network meta-analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data sources<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>EMBASE, MEDLINE, CINAHL, AMED, PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science, Cannabis-Med, Epistemonikos and the Cochrane Library (CENTRAL) from inception to March 2021.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study selection<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Randomised trials comparing any type of cannabis for medical use or opioids, against each other or placebo, with patient follow-up \u22654 weeks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data extraction and synthesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Paired reviewers independently extracted data. We used Bayesian random-effects network meta-analyses to summarise the evidence and the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) approach to evaluate the certainty of evidence and communicate our findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ninety trials involving 22 028 patients were eligible for review, among which the length of follow-up ranged from 28 to 180 days. Moderate certainty evidence showed that opioids provide small improvements in pain, physical functioning and sleep quality versus placebo; low to moderate certainty evidence supported similar effects for cannabis versus placebo. Neither was more effective than placebo for role, social or emotional functioning (all high to moderate certainty evidence). Moderate certainty evidence showed there is probably little to no difference between cannabis for medical use and opioids for physical functioning (weighted mean difference (WMD) 0.47 on the 100-point 36-item Short Form Survey physical component summary score, 95% credible interval (CrI) \u22121.97 to 2.99), and cannabis resulted in fewer discontinuations due to adverse events versus opioids (OR 0.55, 95% CrI 0.36 to 0.83). Low certainty evidence suggested little to no difference between cannabis and opioids for pain relief (WMD 0.23\u2009cm on a 10\u2009cm Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), 95% CrI \u22120.06 to 0.53) or sleep quality (WMD 0.49\u2009mm on a 100\u2009mm VAS, 95% CrI \u22124.72 to 5.59).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cannabis for medical use may be similarly effective and result in fewer discontinuations than opioids for chronic non-cancer pain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PROSPERO registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CRD42020185184.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-068182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T00:18:26Z","timestamp":1704845906000},"page":"e068182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Cannabis for medical use versus opioids for chronic non-cancer pain: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2018-9376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haron M.","family":"Jeddi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0178-8712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason W.","family":"Busse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9422-5232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Behnam","family":"Sadeghirad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitchell","family":"Levine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Zoratti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atefeh","family":"Noori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel J.","family":"Couban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Eric","family":"Tarride","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6736a2","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic pain and high-impact chronic pain among adults - United States, 2016","volume":"67","author":"Dahlhamer","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aet123","article-title":"Chronic pain epidemiology and its clinical relevance","volume":"111","author":"van Hecke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2005.06.009","article-title":"Survey of chronic pain in Europe: prevalence, impact on daily life, and treatment","volume":"10","author":"Breivik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/PR9.0000000000000779","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic pain in developing countries: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"S\u00e1","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Rep"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2448","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.18472","article-title":"Opioids for chronic noncancer pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"320","author":"Busse","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.1464","article-title":"CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain\u2014United States, 2016","volume":"315","author":"Dowell","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02252-2","article-title":"Responding to the opioid crisis in North America and beyond: recommendations of the Stanford-lancet commission","volume":"399","author":"Humphreys","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(19)30099-2","article-title":"Medical cannabis: bridging the evidence gap","volume":"1","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2018.01.001","article-title":"Medical use of cannabis and cannabinoids containing products - regulations in Europe and North America","volume":"49","author":"Abuhasira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2018.05266","article-title":"Qualifying conditions of medical cannabis license holders in the United States","volume":"38","author":"Boehnke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Affairs"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.11","unstructured":"Evidence review for chronic pain: cannabis-based medicinal products: evidence review B. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), 2019. Available: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK577083\/ [accessed 5 Dec 2021]."},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002265","article-title":"International association for the study of pain presidential task force on cannabis and cannabinoid analgesia position statement","volume":"162","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2040","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n2040","article-title":"Medical cannabis or cannabinoids for chronic pain: a clinical practice guideline","volume":"374","author":"Busse","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1297","article-title":"European pain federation (EFIC) position paper on appropriate use of cannabis-based medicines and medical cannabis for chronic pain management","volume":"22","author":"H\u00e4user","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-2385","article-title":"The PRISMA extension statement for reporting of systematic reviews incorporating network meta-analyses of health care interventions: checklist and explanations","volume":"162","author":"Hutton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.16","unstructured":"Jeddi M , Levine M , Busse JW , et al . A systematic review and network meta-analysis of cannabis versus opioids for the treatment of chronic non cancer pain [CRD42020185184]. PROSPERO; 2020. Available: https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/prospero\/display_record.php?ID=CRD42020185184 [Accessed 1 Dec 2020]."},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2019.10.014","article-title":"GRADE guidelines 26: informative statements to communicate the findings of systematic reviews of interventions","volume":"119","author":"Santesso","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2003.08.001","article-title":"Core outcome domains for chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations","volume":"106","author":"Turk","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2007.09.002","article-title":"Identifying important outcome domains for chronic pain clinical trials: an IMMPACT survey of people with pain","volume":"137","author":"Turk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2011.04.015","article-title":"Specific instructions for estimating unclearly reported blinding status in randomized trials were reliable and valid","volume":"65","author":"Akl","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5928"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/PR9.0000000000000784","article-title":"Clinical outcome assessment in clinical trials of chronic pain treatments","volume":"6","author":"Patel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain Rep"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2010.08.016","article-title":"Studies comparing numerical rating scales, verbal rating scales, and visual analogue scales for assessment of pain intensity in adults: a systematic literature review","volume":"41","author":"Hjermstad","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s41687-018-0053-6","article-title":"Response scale selection in adult pain measures: results from a literature review","volume":"2","author":"Safikhani","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Patient Rep Outcomes"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.46"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higgins JPT , Thomas J , Chandler J , eds. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. 1st ed. Wiley, 2019. doi:10.1002\/9781119536604","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2007.09.005","article-title":"Interpreting the clinical importance of treatment outcomes in chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations","volume":"9","author":"Dworkin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0962-1105.2003.00365.x","article-title":"Determination of the minimal clinically significant difference on a patient visual analog sleep quality scale: minimal important difference in sleep quality","volume":"12","author":"Zisapel","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22392","article-title":"Clinically important changes in short form 36 health survey scales for use in rheumatoid arthritis clinical trials: the impact of low responsiveness: minimum clinically important improvements for SF-36 scales","volume":"66","author":"Ward","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/465281","article-title":"A comparison between enriched and nonenriched enrollment randomized withdrawal trials of opioids for chronic noncancer pain","volume":"16","author":"Furlan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain Res Manag"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.31","unstructured":"Higgins JPT , Deeks JJ , Altman DG , et al , eds. Chapter 10: analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. In: Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 6.3.cochrane. 2022. Available: www.training.cochrane.org\/handbook"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3443","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2380","article-title":"A modified test for small-study effects in meta-analyses of controlled trials with binary endpoints","volume":"25","author":"Harbord","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3767","article-title":"Checking consistency in mixed treatment comparison meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Dias","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gelman A , Rubin DB . Inference from iterative simulation using multiple sequences. Statist Sci 1992;7. doi:10.1214\/ss\/1177011136","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/1177011136"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-019-0829-2","article-title":"BUGSnet: an R package to facilitate the conduct and reporting of Bayesian network meta-analyses","volume":"19","author":"B\u00e9liveau","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E901","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.200077","article-title":"Development of the instrument to assess the credibility of effect modification analyses (ICEMAN) in randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses","volume":"192","author":"Schandelmaier","year":"2020","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7132.690","article-title":"Interpreting treatment effects in randomised trials","volume":"316","author":"Guyatt","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.2165\/11533440-000000000-00000","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of tapentadol extended release compared with oxycodone controlled release for the management of moderate to severe chronic pain related to osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled phase III study","volume":"30","author":"Afilalo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Drug Investig"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2015.1092127","article-title":"Two placebo-controlled, randomized withdrawal studies to evaluate the fentanyl 1 day patch in opioid-na\u00efve patients with chronic pain","volume":"31","author":"Arai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2003.11.006","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of extended-release, once-daily tramadol in chronic pain: a randomized 12-week clinical trial in osteoarthritis of the knee","volume":"28","author":"Babul","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(03)00020-4","article-title":"Tramadol in post-herpetic neuralgia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"104","author":"Boureau","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjpain.2010.10.001","article-title":"A 6-months, randomised, placebo-controlled evaluation of efficacy and tolerability of a low-dose 7-day buprenorphine transdermal patch in osteoarthritis patients na\u00efve to potent opioids","volume":"1","author":"Breivik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand J Pain"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2006.11.017","article-title":"A comparison of the analgesic efficacy of tramadol contramid OAD versus placebo in patients with pain due to osteoarthritis","volume":"34","author":"Burch","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2010.497720","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of tapentadol extended release for the management of chronic low back pain: results of a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled phase III study","volume":"11","author":"Buynak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.45","first-page":"862","article-title":"Treatment of osteoarthritis pain with controlled release oxycodone or fixed combination oxycodone plus acetaminophen added to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: a double blind, randomized, multicenter, placebo controlled trial","volume":"26","author":"Caldwell","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-3924(02)00383-4","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of a once-daily morphine formulation in chronic, moderate-to-severe osteoarthritis pain: results from a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial and an open-label extension trial","volume":"23","author":"Caldwell","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000986","article-title":"Cebranopadol, a novel first-in-class analgesic drug candidate: first experience in patients with chronic low back pain in a randomized clinical trial","volume":"158","author":"Christoph","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2012.02.028","article-title":"Analgesic tolerance without demonstrable opioid-induced hyperalgesia: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of sustained-release morphine for treatment of chronic nonradicular low-back pain","volume":"153","author":"Chu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1097\/MJT.0b013e3181cec307","article-title":"Tramadol hydrochloride extended-release once-daily in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee and\/or hip: a double-blind, randomized, dose-ranging trial","volume":"18","author":"DeLemos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Ther"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.5055\/jom.2007.0015","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of 12 weeks of osteoarthritic pain therapy with once-daily tramadol (tramadol contramid OAD)","volume":"3","author":"Fishman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Opioid Manag"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-393X(01)80021-7","article-title":"Tramadol for the treatment of joint pain associated with osteoarthritis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"62","author":"Fleischmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Ther Res"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.5055\/jom.2011.0062","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of an extended-release oxycodone (Remoxy) formulation in patients with moderate to severe osteoarthritic pain","volume":"7","author":"Friedmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Opioid Manag"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1185\/030079906X115595","article-title":"Extended-release tramadol in the treatment of osteoarthritis: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"22","author":"Gana","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa042580","article-title":"Morphine, gabapentin, or their combination for neuropathic pain","volume":"352","author":"Gilron","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2517","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000670","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of buccal buprenorphine in opioid-experienced patients with moderate to severe chronic low back pain: results of a phase 3, enriched enrollment, randomized withdrawal study","volume":"157","author":"Gimbel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000057720.36503.2C","article-title":"Controlled-release oxycodone for pain in diabetic neuropathy: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"60","author":"Gimbel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2010.04.018","article-title":"Buprenorphine transdermal system in adults with chronic low back pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study, followed by an open-label extension phase","volume":"32","author":"Gordon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/216725","article-title":"Buprenorphine transdermal system for opioid therapy in patients with chronic low back pain","volume":"15","author":"Gordon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain Res Manag"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2010.484723","article-title":"Once-daily OROS hydromorphone ER compared with placebo in opioid-tolerant patients with chronic low back pain","volume":"26","author":"Hale","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2006.09.011","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of OPANA ER (oxymorphone extended release) for relief of moderate to severe chronic low back pain in opioid-experienced patients: a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"8","author":"Hale","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.5055\/jom.2015.0304","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of a hydrocodone extended-release tablet formulated with abuse-deterrence technology in patients with moderate-to-severe chronic low back pain","volume":"11","author":"Hale","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Opioid Manag"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.50.6.1842","article-title":"Double-blind randomized trial of tramadol for the treatment of the pain of diabetic neuropathy","volume":"50","author":"Harati","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(00)00385-7","article-title":"The effect of opioids on phantom limb pain and cortical reorganization","volume":"90","author":"Huse","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2458","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000315","article-title":"A phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, safety, tolerability, and efficacy study of Xtampza ER in patients with moderate-to-severe chronic low back pain","volume":"156","author":"Katz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1185\/030079906X162692","article-title":"A 12-week, randomized, placebo-controlled trial assessing the safety and efficacy of oxymorphone extended release for opioid-naive patients with chronic low back pain","volume":"23","author":"Katz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S179110","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of controlled-release oxycodone for the management of moderate-to-severe chronic low back pain in Japan: results of an enriched enrollment randomized withdrawal study followed by an open-label extension study","volume":"12","author":"Kawamata","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.10.029","article-title":"Morphine, nortriptyline and their combination vs. placebo in patients with chronic lumbar root pain","volume":"130","author":"Khoromi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21884","article-title":"Transdermal fentanyl for improvement of pain and functioning in osteoarthritis: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"54","author":"Langford","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnv047","article-title":"One month of oral morphine decreases gray matter volume in the right amygdala of individuals with low back pain: confirmation of previously reported magnetic resonance imaging results","volume":"17","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2007.01567.x","article-title":"The efficacy of oxycodone for management of acute pain episodes in chronic neck pain patients","volume":"62","author":"Ma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ajp.0000146215.86038.38","article-title":"Treatment of persistent pain associated with osteoarthritis with controlled-release oxycodone tablets in a randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"21","author":"Markenson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2005.00057.x","article-title":"Oxymorphone extended-release tablets relieve moderate to severe pain and improve physical function in osteoarthritis: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled phase III trial","volume":"6","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.12807","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of fulranumab as monotherapy in patients with moderate to severe, chronic knee pain of primary osteoarthritis: a randomised, placebo- and active-controlled trial","volume":"70","author":"Mayorga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.74","first-page":"436","article-title":"MST continus tablets and pain control in severe rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"32","author":"Moran","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Clin Res"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)90339-6","article-title":"Randomised trial of oral morphine for chronic non-cancer pain","volume":"347","author":"Moulin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.5055\/jom.2010.0017","article-title":"A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, parallel-group, 5-week study of buprenorphine transdermal system in adults with osteoarthritis","volume":"6","author":"Munera, PhD","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Opioid Management"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeu056","article-title":"Tapentadol potentiates descending pain inhibition in chronic pain patients with diabetic polyneuropathy","volume":"113","author":"Niesters","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e31818a744d"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.79","first-page":"764","article-title":"Double blind randomized placebo control trial of controlled release codeine in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the hip or knee","volume":"27","author":"Peloso","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.7.1015","article-title":"Opioids versus antidepressants in postherpetic neuralgia: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"59","author":"Raja","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2012.00555.x","article-title":"Results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, fixed-dose assessment of once-daily OROS\u00ae hydromorphone ER in patients with moderate to severe pain associated with chronic osteoarthritis","volume":"13","author":"Rauck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12377","article-title":"Single-entity hydrocodone extended-release capsules in opioid-tolerant subjects with moderate-to-severe chronic low back pain: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"15","author":"Rauck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2016.1128307","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of buccal buprenorphine in opioid-naive patients with moderate to severe chronic low back pain","volume":"128","author":"Rauck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Postgrad Med"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1097\/00124743-200010000-00004","article-title":"Efficacy of tramadol in treatment of pain in fibromyalgia","volume":"6","author":"Russell","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1159\/000481089","article-title":"Dronabinol is a safe long-term treatment option for neuropathic pain patients","volume":"78","author":"Schimrigk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.86","first-page":"772","article-title":"Efficacy of tramadol in treatment of chronic low back pain","volume":"27","author":"Schnitzer","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2010.537589","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of tapentadol ER in patients with painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: results of a randomized-withdrawal, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"27","author":"Schwartz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2017.1335189","article-title":"Tapentadol prolonged-release for moderate-to-severe chronic osteoarthritis knee pain: a double-blind, randomized, placebo- and oxycodone controlled release-controlled study","volume":"33","author":"Serrie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-0123","article-title":"Transdermal buprenorphine relieves neuropathic pain: a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial in diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain","volume":"39","author":"Simpson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1532-2149.2011.00069.x","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of the combined monoaminergic and opioid investigational compound GRT9906 in painful polyneuropathy","volume":"16","author":"Sindrup","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9236(99)90074-7","article-title":"The effect of tramadol in painful polyneuropathy in relation to serum drug and metabolite levels","volume":"66","author":"Sindrup","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2011.04.006","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of the seven-day buprenorphine transdermal system in opioid-na\u00efve patients with moderate to severe chronic low back pain: an enriched, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"42","author":"Steiner","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/165421","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, crossover comparison of the efficacy and safety of oral controlled-release tramadol and placebo in patients with painful osteoarthritis","volume":"13","author":"Thorne","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain Res Manag"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-107669","article-title":"Methodological issues in conducting pilot trials in chronic pain as randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies","volume":"66","author":"Tominaga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Res (Stuttg)"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2012.726216","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of flupirtine modified release for the management of moderate to severe chronic low back pain: results of SUPREME, a prospective randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled parallel-group phase IV study","volume":"28","author":"Uberall","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2302","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-2291","article-title":"A randomized withdrawal, placebo-controlled study evaluating the efficacy and tolerability of tapentadol extended release in patients with chronic painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy","volume":"37","author":"Vinik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.97","first-page":"239501","article-title":"A phase IIIB, multicentre, randomised, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, double-blind study to investigate the efficacy and safety of OROS hydromorphone in subjects with moderate-to-severe chronic pain induced by osteoarthritis of the hip or the knee","volume":"2011","author":"Vojta\u0161\u0161\u00e1k","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain Res Treat"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.5055\/jom.2008.0013","article-title":"Extended-release tramadol (tramadol ER) in the treatment of chronic low back pain","volume":"4","author":"Vorsanger","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Opioid Manag"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.50.6.1837","article-title":"Efficacy of oxycodone in neuropathic pain: a randomized trial in postherpetic neuralgia","volume":"50","author":"Watson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2006.05.005","article-title":"Oxytrex minimizes physical dependence while providing effective analgesia: a randomized controlled trial in low back pain","volume":"7","author":"Webster","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2015.1060221","article-title":"A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to assess the efficacy and safety of single-entity, once-daily hydrocodone tablets in patients with uncontrolled moderate to severe chronic low back pain","volume":"16","author":"Wen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31817f4523"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000623","article-title":"Ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide in spinal cord injury neuropathic pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"157","author":"Andresen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kei183","article-title":"Preliminary assessment of the efficacy, tolerability and safety of a cannabis-based medicine (Sativex) in the treatment of pain caused by rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"45","author":"Blake","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.09.147"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2016","article-title":"Cannabidivarin for HIV-associated neuropathic pain: a randomized, blinded, controlled clinical trial","volume":"109","author":"Eibach","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1007\/s40266-017-0506-2","article-title":"N-of-1 randomized trials of ultra-micronized palmitoylethanolamide in older patients with chronic pain","volume":"34","author":"Germini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2018.02.067","article-title":"Synthetic transdermal cannabidiol for the treatment of knee pain due to osteoarthritis","volume":"26","author":"Hunter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-012-6739-4","article-title":"A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel- group study of THC\/CBD oromucosal spray in combination with the existing treatment regimen, in the relief of central neuropathic pain in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"260","author":"Langford","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2018.1481066","article-title":"Sativex((R)) as add-on therapy vs. further optimized first-line ANTispastics (SAVANT) in resistant multiple sclerosis spasticity: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised clinical trial","volume":"129","author":"Markov\u00e0","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.111","unstructured":"NCT00710424 . A study of Sativex\u00ae for pain relief due to diabetic neuropathy. 2006. Available: https:\/\/ClinicalTrials.gov\/show\/NCT00710424"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.03328.x","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, enriched-design study of nabiximols* (Sativex(\u00ae)), as add-on therapy, in subjects with refractory spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis","volume":"18","author":"Novotna","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2007.08.028","article-title":"Sativex successfully treats neuropathic pain characterised by allodynia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"133","author":"Nurmikko","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-006-0611-4","article-title":"[Benefits of an add-on treatment with the synthetic cannabinomimetic nabilone on patients with chronic pain--a randomized controlled trial]","volume":"118","author":"Pinsger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000176753.45410.8b","article-title":"Randomized, controlled trial of cannabis-based medicine in central pain in multiple sclerosis","volume":"65","author":"Rog","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1029","article-title":"Randomized placebo-controlled double-blind clinical trial of cannabis-based medicinal product (Sativex) in painful diabetic neuropathy: depression is a major confounding factor","volume":"33","author":"Selvarajah","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1532-2149.2013.00445.x","article-title":"A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel group study of THC\/CBD spray in peripheral neuropathic pain treatment","volume":"18","author":"Serpell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2007.09.002","article-title":"Nabilone for the treatment of pain in fibromyalgia","volume":"9","author":"Skrabek","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2012.06.024","article-title":"An enriched-enrolment, randomized withdrawal, flexible-dose, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel assignment efficacy study of nabilone as adjuvant in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain","volume":"153","author":"Toth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.01.016","article-title":"Effects on spasticity and neuropathic pain of an oral formulation of \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol in patients withprogressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"40","author":"van Amerongen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-006-0218-8"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.2174\/1389201020666191202111534","article-title":"The effectiveness of topical cannabidiol oil in symptomatic relief of peripheral neuropathy of the lower extremities","volume":"21","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Biotechnol"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14738-1","article-title":"Cannabinoids for treatment of spasticity and other symptoms related to multiple sclerosis (CAMS study): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"362","author":"Zajicek","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2005.070136","article-title":"Cannabinoids in multiple sclerosis (CAMS) study: safety and efficacy data for 12 months follow up","volume":"76","author":"Zajicek","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-302468","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis and extract of cannabis: results of the MUSEC trial","volume":"83","author":"Zajicek","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39429.619653.80","article-title":"Comparison of analgesic effects and patient tolerability of nabilone and dihydrocodeine for chronic neuropathic pain: randomised, crossover, double blind study","volume":"336","author":"Frank","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E659","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.170363","article-title":"Guideline for opioid therapy and chronic noncancer pain","volume":"189","author":"Busse","year":"2017","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr6501e1","article-title":"CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain - United States, 2016","volume":"65","author":"Dowell","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.129","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) . Chronic pain (primary and secondary) in over 16s: assessment of all chronic pain and management of chronic primary pain. 2021. Available: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK569960\/"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13026","article-title":"What proportion of patients with chronic noncancer pain are prescribed an opioid medicine? Systematic review and meta-regression of observational studies","volume":"287","author":"Mathieson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.13677","article-title":"Opioids out, cannabis in: negotiating the unknowns in patient care for chronic pain","volume":"316","author":"Choo","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1353-6509","article-title":"Opioid mortality following implementation of medical cannabis programs in the United States","volume":"54","author":"Kaufman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2021.103449","article-title":"Association between fatal opioid overdose and state medical cannabis laws in US national survey data, 2000-2011","volume":"99","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Powell D , Pacula RL , Jacobson M . Do medical marijuana laws reduce addiction and deaths related to pain killers? In: RAND working paper. 2015. doi:10.7249\/WR1130","DOI":"10.7249\/WR1130"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.2716","article-title":"Legalization of medical marijuana and incidence of opioid mortality","volume":"174","author":"Hayes","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1080\/17512433.2022.2017771","article-title":"UK medical cannabis registry: an analysis of clinical outcomes of medicinal cannabis therapy for chronic pain conditions","volume":"15","author":"Harris","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2023.2195551","article-title":"Clinical outcome data of chronic pain patients treated with cannabis-based oils and dried flower from the UK medical cannabis registry","volume":"23","author":"Tait","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-020-01903-1","article-title":"Patient-reported outcomes in those consuming medical cannabis: a prospective longitudinal observational study in chronic pain patients","volume":"68","author":"Meng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272241","article-title":"A large Australian longitudinal cohort registry demonstrates sustained safety and efficacy of oral medicinal cannabis for at least two years","volume":"17","author":"Vickery","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-021-00520-5","article-title":"Exploring the use of cannabis as a substitute for prescription drugs in a convenience sample","volume":"18","author":"Kvamme","year":"2021","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2017.0012","article-title":"Cannabis as a substitute for opioid-based pain medication: patient self-report","volume":"2","author":"Reiman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.0077","article-title":"Should physicians recommend replacing opioids with cannabis?","volume":"321","author":"Humphreys","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-047717","article-title":"Opioid-sparing effects of medical cannabis or cannabinoids for chronic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised and observational studies","volume":"11","author":"Noori","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnx274","article-title":"Patient values and preferences regarding opioids for chronic noncancer pain: a systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Goshua","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-050831","article-title":"Values and preferences towards medical cannabis among people living with chronic pain: a mixed-methods systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.7789","article-title":"Prescription of long-acting opioids and mortality in patients with chronic noncancer pain","volume":"315","author":"Ray","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000241","article-title":"Reporting of IMMPACT-recommended core outcome domains among trials assessing opioids for chronic non-cancer pain","volume":"156","author":"Mulla","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.05.031"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n1034","article-title":"Medical cannabis or cannabinoids for chronic non-cancer and cancer related pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials","volume":"374","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E755","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.20.5.E755","article-title":"Efficacy of cannabis-based medicines for pain management: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"6","author":"Aviram","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Phys"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00247-4","article-title":"Cannabis use and cannabis use disorder","volume":"7","author":"Connor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1080\/10550887.2011.581961","article-title":"Prevalence of prescription opioid-use disorder among chronic pain patients: comparison of the DSM-5 vs. DSM-4 diagnostic criteria","volume":"30","author":"Boscarino","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Addict Dis"},{"key":"2024022401002196000_14.1.e068182.153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2023.06.010"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-068182","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,24]],"date-time":"2024-02-24T04:03:25Z","timestamp":1708747405000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-068182"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"references-count":153,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-068182"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-068182","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}}}