{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T13:42:41Z","timestamp":1772890961308,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684108800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jichi Medical University graduate\u2019s association 7th project research","award":["2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of this study was to compile the currently available evidence on the clinical characteristics of the locomotive syndrome (LS) categorised by the 25-question Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale (GLFS-25) and clarify its clinical usefulness for assessing mobility function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Systematic review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data sources<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for the relevant studies on 20 March 2022.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Eligibility criteria<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included relevant peer-reviewed articles, available in English language, on clinical LS characteristics categorised with the GLFS-25.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data extraction and synthesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pooled ORs or mean differences (MDs) of the LS groups were calculated and compared with the non-LS groups for each clinical characteristic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In total, 27 studies that involve 13\u2009281 participants (LS, n=3385; non-LS, n=9896) were examined in this analysis. Older age (MD 4.71; 95% (CI) 3.97 to 5.44; p&lt;0.00001), female gender (OR 1.54; 95%\u2009CI 1.38 to 1.71; p&lt;0.00001), higher body mass index (MD 0.78; 95%\u2009CI 0.57 to 0.99; p&lt;0.00001), osteoporosis (OR 1.68; 95%\u2009CI 1.32 to 2.13; p&lt;0.0001), depression (OR 3.14; 95%\u2009CI 1.81 to 5.44; p&lt;0.0001), lower lumbar lordosis angle (MD \u22127.91; 95%\u2009CI \u221210.08 to \u22125.74; p&lt;0.00001), higher spinal inclination angle (MD 2.70; 95%\u2009CI 1.76 to 3.65; p&lt;0.00001), lower grip strength (MD \u22124.04; 95%\u2009CI \u22125.25 to \u22122.83; p&lt;0.00001), lower back muscle strength (MD \u221215.32; 95%\u2009CI \u221223.83 to \u22126.81; p=0.0004), lower maximum stride (MD \u221219.36; 95%\u2009CI \u221223.25 to \u221215.47; p&lt;0.00001), higher timed up-and-go (MD 1.36; 95%\u2009CI 0.92 to 1.79; p&lt;0.00001), lower one-leg standing time (MD \u221219.13; 95%\u2009CI \u221223.29 to \u221214.97; p&lt;0.0001) and slower normal gait speed (MD \u22120.20; 95%\u2009CI \u22120.22 to \u22120.18; p&lt;0.0001) were found to be associated with LS. No significant differences were noted in other clinical characteristics between the two groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>GLFS-25 is clinically useful for assessing mobility function according to the evidence available on the clinical characteristics of LS categorised by the GLFS-25 questionnaire items until.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-068645","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]],"date-time":"2023-05-16T10:03:53Z","timestamp":1684231433000},"page":"e068645","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Clinical characteristics of locomotive syndrome categorised by the 25-question Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2319-5440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takaomi","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tadatsugu","family":"Morimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chisato","family":"Shimanoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Saga University Hospital, Saga, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rei","family":"Ono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Activity Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koji","family":"Otani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masaaki","family":"Mawatari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00776-007-1202-6"},{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.2","unstructured":"The Japanese orthopedic association official locomotive syndrome prevention awareness official website. Available: https:\/\/locomo-joa.jp [Accessed 15 Feb 2022]."},{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s00776-011-0193-5","article-title":"Development of a screening tool for risk of locomotive syndrome in the elderly: the 25-question geriatric locomotive function scale","volume":"17","author":"Seichi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Orthop Sci"},{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.4","unstructured":"Ohe T . The history of locomotive syndrome-3. Japanese orthopaedic association (JOA) news; 2020. 122\u20136."},{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kobayashi T , Morimoto T , Shimanoe C , et al . Risk factors for progression of the severity of locomotive syndrome: a two-year longitudinal observational study. J Orthop Sci 2023. doi:10.1016\/j.jos.2023.02.008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jos.2023.02.008"},{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jos.2021.05.001","article-title":"Development of a simple screening tool based on the 5-question geriatric locomotive function scale for locomotive syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Orthop Sci"},{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jos.2021.03.011","article-title":"Development of a tool for screening the severity of locomotive syndrome by the loco-check","volume":"27","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Orthop Sci"},{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jos.2021.11.021","article-title":"The association of comorbidities with the 25-question geriatric locomotive function scale and the diagnosis of locomotive syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Orthop Sci"},{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-022-01324-8","article-title":"Epidemiology of locomotive syndrome using updated clinical decision limits: 6-year follow-ups of the road study","volume":"40","author":"Yoshimura","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Metab"},{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-019-01012-0","article-title":"Prevalence and co-existence of locomotive syndrome, sarcopenia, and frailty: the third survey of research on osteoarthritis\/osteoporosis against disability (road) study","volume":"37","author":"Yoshimura","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Metab"},{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/14397595.2016.1226471","article-title":"Epidemiology of the locomotive syndrome: the research on osteoarthritis\/osteoporosis against disability study 2005-2015","volume":"27","author":"Yoshimura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.12965\/jer.2244234.117","article-title":"An analysis study of sarcopenia and locomotive syndrome in the old people using evaluation tool","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Exerc Rehabil"},{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.13","article-title":"Teeth loss and its association with locomotive syndrome among patients visiting the outpatient department of a dental school in Mahbubnagar, india-A cross sectional study","volume":"92","author":"Nagilla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biomed"},{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-022-05738-3","article-title":"Association between serum insulin-like growth factor 1 and locomotive syndrome in community-dwelling older people","volume":"23","author":"Nakamura","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kato S , Demura S , Kabata T , et al . Risk factors that hinder locomotive syndrome improvement following surgery for musculoskeletal diseases in older patients: a multicentre prospective study. Mod Rheumatol 2022. doi:10.1093\/mr\/roac082","DOI":"10.1093\/mr\/roac082"},{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1007\/s10147-022-02194-w","article-title":"Locomotive syndrome in cancer patients: a new role of orthopaedic surgeons as a part of comprehensive cancer care","volume":"27","author":"Kawano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kobayashi T , Morimoto T , Ono R , et al . Is grip strength useful in screening to predict the severity of locomotive syndrome? J Orthop Sci 2022. doi:10.1016\/j.jos.2022.03.011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jos.2022.03.011"},{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.18","first-page":"562","article-title":"Prevalence of locomotive dysfunction exacerbating systolic blood pressure and abdominal circumference: a longitudinal cohort analysis","volume":"19","author":"Yamada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metab Syndr Relat Disord"},{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02600-4","article-title":"Factors associated with mobility decrease leading to disability: a cross-sectional nationwide study in Japan, with results from 8681 adults aged 20-89 years","volume":"21","author":"Yamada","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.14273","article-title":"Reciprocal relationship between locomotive syndrome and social frailty in older adults","volume":"21","author":"Ono","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int"},{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-017-0630-1","article-title":"Lifestyle factors are significantly associated with the locomotive syndrome: a cross-sectional study","volume":"17","author":"Akahane","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jos.2016.02.006","article-title":"Lumbar spondylosis, lumbar spinal stenosis, knee pain, back muscle strength are associated with the locomotive syndrome: rural population study in Japan","volume":"21","author":"Chiba","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Orthop Sci"},{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.3109\/s10165-012-0770-2","article-title":"The influence of locomotive syndrome on health-related quality of life in a community-living population","volume":"23","author":"Hirano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1007\/s00776-015-0774-9","article-title":"Population-Based study of the association of osteoporosis and chronic musculoskeletal pain and locomotive syndrome: the katashina study","volume":"20","author":"Iizuka","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Orthop Sci"},{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jos.2016.01.003","article-title":"Locomotive syndrome is associated not only with physical capacity but also degree of depression","volume":"21","author":"Ikemoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Orthop Sci"},{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1080\/14397595.2019.1665616","article-title":"Differences of locomotive syndrome and frailty in community-dwelling middle-aged and elderly people: pain, osteoarthritis, spinal alignment, body balance, and quality of life","volume":"30","author":"Imagama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Modern Rheumatology"},{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1080\/14397595.2018.1457422","article-title":"The utility of 25-question geriatric locomotive function scale for evaluating functional ability and disease activity in Japanese rheumatoid arthritis patients: a cross-sectional study using ninja database","volume":"29","author":"Izawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3274864","article-title":"Influence of global spine sagittal balance and spinal degenerative changes on locomotive syndrome risk in a middle-age and elderly community-living population","volume":"2020","author":"Machino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1007\/s00776-013-0382-5","article-title":"Threshold values of physical performance tests for locomotive syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Muramoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Orthop Sci"},{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1007\/s00776-014-0559-6","article-title":"Waist circumference is associated with locomotive syndrome in elderly females","volume":"19","author":"Muramoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Orthop Sci"},{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jos.2015.12.016","article-title":"Spinal sagittal balance substantially influences locomotive syndrome and physical performance in community-living middle-aged and elderly women","volume":"21","author":"Muramoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Orthop Sci"},{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1519\/JPT.0000000000000033","article-title":"Physical performance measures associated with locomotive syndrome in middle-aged and older Japanese women","volume":"38","author":"Nakamura","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Geriatr Phys Ther"},{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4104802","article-title":"The relationship between locomotive syndrome and depression in community-dwelling elderly people","volume":"2017","author":"Nakamura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Gerontol Geriatr Res"},{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1080\/14397595.2017.1333670","article-title":"Do exercise habits during middle age affect locomotive syndrome in old age?","volume":"28","author":"Nishimura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Modern Rheumatology"},{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.35","first-page":"43","article-title":"Evaluation of the association between locomotive syndrome and depressive states: a cross-sectional study","volume":"79","author":"Saito","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nagoya J Med Sci"},{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1007\/s00776-014-0581-8","article-title":"Determination of the optimal cutoff time to use when screening elderly people for locomotive syndrome using the one-leg standing test (with eyes open)","volume":"19","author":"Seichi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Orthop Sci"},{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1093\/mr\/roab024","article-title":"Relationship between locomotive syndrome and frailty in rheumatoid arthritis patients by locomotive syndrome stage","volume":"32","author":"Sobue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jos.2016.11.004","article-title":"Association between dysfunction of upper extremity and locomotive syndrome in general population","volume":"22","author":"Tajika","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Orthop Sci"},{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.22603\/ssrr.2019-0083","article-title":"Association between trunk muscle strength, lumbar spine bone mineral density, lumbar scoliosis angle, and skeletal muscle volume and locomotive syndrome in elderly individuals: a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry study","volume":"4","author":"Takenaka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spine Surg Relat Res"},{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jos.2019.01.011","article-title":"Increasing postural sway in balance test is related to locomotive syndrome risk: a cross-sectional study","volume":"24","author":"Tanaka","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Orthop Sci"},{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jos.2018.12.016"},{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1080\/14397595.2018.1465645","article-title":"Relationship between locomotive syndrome and body composition among community-dwelling middle-age and elderly individuals in Japan: the yakumo study","volume":"29","author":"Tanaka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Modern Rheumatology"},{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.43","first-page":"5","article-title":"Association between locomotive syndrome and the Japanese version of the EQ-5D-5L in middle-aged and elderly people in Japan","volume":"82","author":"Tanaka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nagoya J Med Sci"},{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.13937","article-title":"Locomotive syndrome and the power spectral characteristics of body sway","volume":"20","author":"Tanaka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int"},{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.45","first-page":"159","article-title":"The dual presence of frailty and locomotive syndrome is associated with a greater decrease in the EQ-5D-5L index","volume":"83","author":"Tanaka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nagoya J Med Sci"},{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02440-2","article-title":"Prevalence and physical characteristics of locomotive syndrome stages as classified by the new criteria 2020 in older Japanese people: results from the nagahama study","volume":"21","author":"Taniguchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jos.2020.08.007","article-title":"Cognitive factors associated with locomotive syndrome in chronic pain patients: a retrospective study","volume":"26","author":"Tsuji","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Orthop Sci"},{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"2025121221095275000_13.5.e068645.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11051304","article-title":"Locomotive syndrome and lumbar spine disease: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCM"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-068645","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T05:10:08Z","timestamp":1765602608000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-068645"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-068645"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-068645","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}}}