{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T04:52:02Z","timestamp":1786683122194,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]],"date-time":"2023-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681171200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["215691\/Z\/19\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["215691\/Z\/19\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diarrhoea is one of the leading causes of under-5 childhood mortality and accounts for 8% of 5.4\u2009million global under-5 deaths. In severely malnourished children, diarrhoea progresses to shock, where the risk of mortality is even higher. At icddr,b Dhaka Hospital, the fatality rate is as high as 69% in children with severe malnutrition and fluid refractory septic shock. To date, no study has evaluated systematically the effects of inotrope or vasopressor or blood transfusion in children with dehydrating diarrhoea (eg, in cholera) and severe acute malnutrition (SAM) or severe underweight who are in shock and unresponsive to WHO-recommended fluid therapy. To reduce the mortality of severely malnourished children presenting with diarrhoea and fluid refractory shock, we aim to compare the efficacy of blood transfusion, dopamine and epinephrine in fluid refractory shock in children who do not respond to WHO-recommended fluid resuscitation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this randomised, three-arm, controlled, non-masked clinical trial in children 1\u201359 months old with SAM or severe underweight and fluid refractory shock, we will compare the efficacy of dopamine or epinephrine administration versus blood transfusion in children who failed to respond to WHO-recommended fluid resuscitation. The primary outcome variable is the case fatality rate. The effect of the intervention will be assessed by performing an intention-to-treat analysis. Recruitment and data collection began in July 2021 and are now ongoing. Results are expected by May 2023.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study has been approved by the icddr,b Institutional Review Board. We adhere to the \u2018Declaration of Helsinki\u2019 (2000), guidelines for Good Clinical Practice. Before enrolment, we collect signed informed consent from the parents or caregivers of the children. We will publish the results in a peer-reviewed journal and will arrange a dissemination seminar.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\" xlink:href=\"NCT04750070\">NCT04750070<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-068660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T13:14:56Z","timestamp":1681305296000},"page":"e068660","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Efficacy of dopamine, epinephrine and blood transfusion for treatment of fluid refractory shock in children with severe acute malnutrition or severe underweight and cholera or other dehydrating diarrhoeas: protocol for a randomised controlled clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"13","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct04750070","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"given":"Monira","family":"Sarmin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research,Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nusrat Jahan","family":"Shaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research,Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"Sultana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research,Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0172-9501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md.","family":"Tariqujjaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research,Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shamima Sharmin","family":"Shikha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research,Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nafisa","family":"Mariam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research,Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Didarul Haque","family":"Jeorge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research,Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mosharrat","family":"Tabassum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research,Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baitun","family":"Nahar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research,Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farzana","family":"Afroze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research,Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5676-3280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lubaba","family":"Shahrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research,Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. 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