{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:36:30Z","timestamp":1792798590179,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]],"date-time":"2023-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684800000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fonds des Urgentistes de l\u2019H\u00f4pital du Sacr\u00e9-C\u0153ur de Montr\u00e9al","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ey0g045","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recent evidence has shown that vitamin C has some analgesic properties in addition to its antioxidant effect and can, therefore, reduce opioid use during recovery time. Vitamin C analgesic effect has been explored mostly during short-term postoperative context or in disease-specific chronic pain prevention, but never after acute musculoskeletal injuries, which are often seen in the emergency department (ED). The protocol\u2019s primary aim is to compare the total morphine 5\u2009mg pills consumed during a 2-week follow-up between patients receiving vitamin C or a placebo after ED discharge for an acute musculoskeletal pain complaint.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We will conduct a two-centre double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial with 464 participants distributed in two arms, one group receiving 1000\u2009mg of vitamin C two times a day for 14 days and another one receiving a placebo. Participants will be \u226518 years of age, treated in ED for acute musculoskeletal pain present for less than 2\u2009weeks and discharged with an opioid prescription for home pain management. Total morphine 5\u2009mg pills consumed during the 2-week follow-up will be assessed via an electronic (or paper) diary. In addition, patients will report their daily pain intensity, pain relief, side effects and other types of pain medication or other non-pharmacological approach used. Three months after the injury, participants will also be contacted to evaluate chronic pain development. We hypothesised that vitamin C, compared with a placebo, will reduce opioid consumption during a 14-day follow-up for ED discharged patients treated for acute musculoskeletal pain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study has received approval from the Ethics Review Committee from the \u2018Comit\u00e9 d'\u00e9thique de la recherche du CIUSSS du Nord-de-l'\u00cele-de-Montr\u00e9al (No 2023\u20132442)\u2019. Findings will be disseminated through scientific conferences and peer-reviewed journal publication. The data sets generated during the study will be available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\" specific-use=\"clinicaltrial results\" xlink:href=\"NCT05555576\">NCT05555576<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ClinicalTrials.Gov PRS.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-069230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]],"date-time":"2023-05-24T11:06:56Z","timestamp":1684926416000},"page":"e069230","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Impact of vitamin C on the reduction of opioid consumption after an emergency department visit for acute musculoskeletal pain: a double-blind randomised control trial protocol"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"13","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct05555576","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov","type":"results"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6507-0198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raoul","family":"Daoust","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de M\u00e9decine Familiale et de M\u00e9decine d\u2019Urgence, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"},{"name":"Study Center in Emergency Medicine, Hopital du Sacre-Coeur de Montreal Centre de Recherche, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche, Hopital du Sacre-Coeur de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Paquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Study Center in Emergency Medicine, Hopital du Sacre-Coeur de Montreal Centre de Recherche, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Marc","family":"Chauny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de M\u00e9decine Familiale et de M\u00e9decine d\u2019Urgence, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"},{"name":"Study Center in Emergency Medicine, Hopital du Sacre-Coeur de Montreal Centre de Recherche, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3360-4831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche, Hopital du Sacre-Coeur de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"},{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de Pharmacie, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00e9rilibe","family":"Huard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de M\u00e9decine Familiale et de M\u00e9decine d\u2019Urgence, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"},{"name":"Study Center in Emergency Medicine, Hopital du Sacre-Coeur de Montreal Centre de Recherche, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche, Hopital du Sacre-Coeur de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9952-0588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"Arbour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche, Hopital du Sacre-Coeur de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"},{"name":"Facult\u00e9 des sciences infirmi\u00e8res, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"Emond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Emergency Medicine, Universite Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Rouleau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche, Hopital du Sacre-Coeur de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Cournoyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de M\u00e9decine Familiale et de M\u00e9decine d\u2019Urgence, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"},{"name":"Study Center in Emergency Medicine, Hopital du Sacre-Coeur de Montreal Centre de Recherche, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche, Hopital du Sacre-Coeur de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2019.06.011","article-title":"Trends in emergency physician opioid Prescribing practices during the United States opioid crisis","volume":"38","author":"Gleber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.107636","article-title":"Opioid prescribing rates from the emergency department: down but not out","volume":"205","author":"Ali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2019.06.001","article-title":"Side effects from opioids used for acute pain after emergency Department discharge","volume":"38","author":"Daoust","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138161212803582469"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1610524","article-title":"Opioid-Prescribing patterns of emergency physicians and risk of long-term use","volume":"376","author":"Barnett","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med Overseas Ed"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2014.11.015"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.02.030","article-title":"Prescription opioid misuse among ED patients discharged with opioids","volume":"32","author":"Beaudoin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12461","article-title":"Trends in U.S. emergency department visits for opioid overdose, 1993\u20132010","volume":"15","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.090784"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e218782","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.8782","article-title":"Association of opioid consumption profiles after hospitalization with risk of adverse health care events","volume":"4","author":"Kurteva","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2014.06.016"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.06.014","article-title":"Impact of an opioid Prescribing guideline in the acute care setting","volume":"50","author":"del Portal","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2013.09.033","article-title":"A performance improvement Prescribing guideline reduces opioid prescriptions for emergency Department dental pain patients","volume":"63","author":"Doyon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-017-4286-5"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2017.10.33798","article-title":"By default: the effect of Prepopulated prescription quantities on opioid prescribing in the emergency department","volume":"19","author":"Santistevan","year":"2018","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.43425","article-title":"Evaluation of interventions to reduce opioid Prescribing for patients discharged from the emergency Department: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Daoust","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3638","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546520905884","article-title":"Adjunct analgesia reduces pain and opioid consumption after hip arthroscopy: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"48","author":"Kunze","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.19.01415","article-title":"Risk of Nonunion with nonselective NSAIDs, COX-2 inhibitors, and opioids","volume":"102","author":"George","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.19","first-page":"100","article-title":"Non-Steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use is associated with increased risk of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A nationwide case-time-control study","volume":"3","author":"Sondergaard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2016.05.035","article-title":"Vitamin C enhances the analgesic effect of Gabapentin on rats with neuropathic pain","volume":"157","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Newman M , Connery H , Opioids BoydJ , et al . Known interactions and potential for Redox-Signaling crosstalk. Antioxidants 2022;11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11071267"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carr AC , McCall C . The role of vitamin C in the treatment of pain: new insights. J Transl Med 2017;15.doi:10.1186\/s12967-017-1179-7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-017-1179-7"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24947","article-title":"Vitamin C in orthopedic practices: current concepts, novel ideas, and future perspectives","volume":"39","author":"Oakes","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051501","article-title":"Two faces of vitamin C-antioxidative and pro-oxidative agent","volume":"12","author":"Ka\u017amierczak-Bara\u0144ska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.4103\/JPBS.JPBS_12_18","article-title":"An insight and update on the analgesic properties of vitamin C","volume":"10","author":"Chaitanya","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pharm Bioall Sci"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000218","article-title":"Effect of perioperative vitamin C supplementation on postoperative pain and the incidence of chronic regional pain syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12103109","article-title":"The effect of perioperative vitamin C on postoperative analgesic consumption: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"12","author":"Hung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.17085\/apm.2019.14.2.202","article-title":"The efficacy of vitamin C on postlaparoscopic shoulder pain: a double-blind randomized controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Moon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6437200","article-title":"Taking 200\u2009mg vitamin C three times per day improved extraction socket wound healing parameters: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"2022","author":"Pisalsitsakul","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Dent"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2016.28.6.677","article-title":"A study of intravenous administration of vitamin C in the treatment of acute herpetic pain and postherpetic neuralgia","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2012.08.003"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2016.12.021","article-title":"Efficacy of vitamin C in preventing complex regional pain syndrome after wrist fracture: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"103","author":"A\u00efm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2021.11.008","article-title":"Effect of perioperative vitamin C on the incidence of complex regional pain syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"61","author":"Seth","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-020-04936-9","article-title":"Prospective randomized study of the vitamin C effect on pain and complex pain regional syndrome after total knee Arthroplasty","volume":"45","author":"Jacques","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1080\/15360288.2019.1598530","article-title":"The efficacy of vitamin C in the prevention of complex regional pain syndrome after distal radius fractures: A synthesis","volume":"32","author":"Keef","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(79)90046-0"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-022649","article-title":"Quantity of opioids consumed following an emergency department visit for acute pain: a Canadian prospective cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Daoust","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c869","article-title":"Consort 2010 statement: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials","volume":"340","author":"Moher","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-3-201302050-00583"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.M.00268"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfab145","article-title":"Oxalate nephropathy: a review","volume":"15","author":"Rosenstock","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2014.07.007"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.43","unstructured":"Uptodate vitamin C (Ascorbic acid): Drug information. 2022. Available: https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/vitamin-c-ascorbic-acid-drug-information?search=vitamin%20c&source=panel_search_result&selectedTitle=1~148&usage_type=panel&kp_tab=drug_general&display_rank=1 [Accessed 2 Mar 2022]."},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4055\/cios.2014.6.1.103","article-title":"How to do random allocation (randomization)","volume":"6","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Surg"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.45","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine . Food and nutrition board. dietary reference intakes for vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and Carotenoidsexternal link disclaimer. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000."},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.8.3704"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-140-7-200404060-00010"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/81.4.736","article-title":"Vitamins E and C are safe across a broad range of intakes","volume":"81","author":"Hathcock","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s13730-018-0366-6","article-title":"Ascorbic acid-induced oxalate nephropathy: A case report and discussion of pathologic mechanisms","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"CEN Case Rep"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11536520-000000000-00000"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.51","unstructured":"Daoust R , Paquet J , Cournoyer A . Acute pain resolution after an emergency department visit: a 14-day trajectory analysis. Annals of Emergency Medicine."},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(03)00052-1"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1984.59.3.974","article-title":"Preliminary validity study of the pain disability index","volume":"59","author":"Pollard","year":"1984","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000160"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.04.030"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1078345814557513"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-012-9692-x","article-title":"Effect of vitamin C on morphine use after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"59","author":"Kanazi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.58","first-page":"117","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of preoperative melatonin or vitamin C administration on postoperative analgesia","volume":"20","author":"Lafl\u0131 Tunay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bosn J Basic Med Sci"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.59","first-page":"515","article-title":"How to work with a subgroup analysis","volume":"52","author":"Dijkman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can J Surg"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131413"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.12248","article-title":"Risk factors of significant pain syndrome 90 days after minor thoracic injury: trajectory analysis","volume":"20","author":"Daoust","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"2025121513295354000_13.5.e069230.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2393","article-title":"Multiple imputation for missing data in Epidemiological and clinical research: Potential and pitfalls","volume":"338","author":"Sterne","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-069230","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T21:30:01Z","timestamp":1765834201000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-069230"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-069230"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-069230","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}}}