{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T06:49:55Z","timestamp":1765781395940,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676851200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cochlear Research and Development Limited","award":["IIR-2186"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIR-2186"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The clinical application of listening effort (LE) is challenging due to the lack of consensus regarding measuring the concept. Correlational analysis between different measuring instruments shows conditional and weak relationships, indicating they capture different dimensions of LE. Current research has suggested possible links between LE and downstream consequences such as fatigue, stress and confidence. One way to clinically measure LE would be to focus on its corollaries. Further research is needed to explore whether tools used to measure these downstream effects can be applied to capture LE. This study explores using existing questionnaire-based outcome instruments to evaluate LE and its associated consequences in children and young people (CYP), with and without hearing loss.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      One hundred CYP aged 12\u201317 years with normal hearing and a range of hearing loss levels will be invited to complete a series of online questionnaires (Speech, Spatial and Qualities, Vanderbilt Fatigue Scale\u2013Child, Perceived Stress Scale and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale) and a hearing test (Digits in Noise). They will complete the questionnaires at two time points (1) at the end of a\n                      <jats:italic>rest<\/jats:italic>\n                      day and (2) at the end of a\n                      <jats:italic>work<\/jats:italic>\n                      day. Standard demographic and hearing health information will be collected. The sample size was determined pragmatically due to a lack of comparable published data to power the study. Tests are exploratory and for generating hypotheses; therefore, the standard criterion of p&lt;0.05\u2009will be used.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study has been reviewed within the funding organisation (Cochlear Research and Development Limited) by an independent and relevant peer reviewer\/committee. This study has had a favourable ethics committee review by both NHS ethics and University of Manchester ethics. The study will be disseminated through newsletters, publication and presentations at conferences. The results will be made available to participants on request.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-069719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T09:52:02Z","timestamp":1676886722000},"page":"e069719","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Listening effort and downstream effects due to hearing loss in children and young people: an online quantitative questionnaire-based observational study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6232-3898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Callum Andrew","family":"Shields","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department, Royal Machester Children's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9269-9474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Sladen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department, Royal Machester Children's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Azita","family":"Rajai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department, Royal Machester Children's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4981-6663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah","family":"Guest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester Centre for Audiology and Deafness (ManCAD), The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iain","family":"Bruce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department, Royal Machester Children's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3638-2787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Kluk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester Centre for Audiology and Deafness (ManCAD), The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaya","family":"Nichani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department, Royal Machester Children's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121422453858000_13.2.e069719.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5S","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000312","article-title":"Hearing impairment and cognitive energy: the framework for understanding effortful listening (fuel)","volume":"37 Suppl 1","author":"Pichora-Fuller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"key":"2025121422453858000_13.2.e069719.2","unstructured":"Archbold S , Ng ZY , Harrigan S , et al . 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