{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T05:06:33Z","timestamp":1794027993250,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702339200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Swedish research council","award":["2021-00326"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-00326"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001862","name":"The Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2020-05792"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-05792"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001862","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001862","name":"The Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2021-06525"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-06525"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001862","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate work and living conditions as determinants of COVID-19 infection risks in foreign-born workers in non-healthcare occupations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were collected according to a qualitative design, using semistructured interviews. Verbatim transcripts of these interviews were analysed according to systematic text condensation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We recruited foreign-born workers (n=15) and union representatives (n=6) among taxi drivers, bus and tram drivers, pizza bakers, cleaners and property caretakers, all indicated as risk occupations during COVID-19 in Sweden.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Four overarching themes were found: \u2018virus exposure at work\u2019, \u2018aspects of low status and undervalued work\u2019, \u2018lack of access to information\u2019 and \u2018foreign-born persons\u2019 position\u2019. Virus exposure was frequent due to many social interactions over a workday, out of which several were physically close, sometimes to the point of touching. The respondents fulfilled important societal functions, but their work was undervalued due to low job status, and they had little influence on improving safety at work. Lack of health literacy limited foreign-born workers to access information about COVID-19 infection risks and protection, since most information from health organisations and employers was only available in Swedish and not adapted to their living conditions or disseminated through unknown channels. Instead, many turned to personal contacts or social media, through which a lot of misinformation was spread. Foreign-born persons were also subjected to exploitation since a Swedish residency permit could depend on maintaining employment, making it almost impossible to make demands for improved safety at work.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Structural factors and a lack of adapted information manifested themselves as fewer possibilities for protection against COVID-19. In a globalised world, new widespread diseases are likely to occur, and more knowledge is needed to protect all workers equally. Our results are transferable to similar contexts and bring forth aspects that can be tried in quantitative studies or public health interventions.Cite Now<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-069838","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T12:45:36Z","timestamp":1702385136000},"page":"e069838","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Undervalued essential work and lacking health literacy as determinants of COVID-19 infection risks: a qualitative interview study among foreign-born workers in Sweden"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0662-6541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mia","family":"S\u00f6derberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Magnusson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Angered Hospital, Hospitals West, Region V\u00e4stra G\u00f6taland, Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juhaina","family":"Swaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Jakobsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region V\u00e4stra G\u00f6taland, Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annika","family":"Rosengren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121409033277000_13.12.e069838.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00023-07"},{"key":"2025121409033277000_13.12.e069838.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu P , Hao X , Lau EHY , et al . Real-time tentative assessment of the Epidemiological characteristics of novel Coronavirus infections in Wuhan. Eurosurveillance 2020;25. doi:10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.3.2000044","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.3.2000044"},{"key":"2025121409033277000_13.12.e069838.3","unstructured":"Burn-Murdoch J , Romei V , Giles C . Global Coronavirus death toll could be 60% higher than reported; 2020. Financial times"},{"key":"2025121409033277000_13.12.e069838.4","unstructured":"The Public Health Agency of Sweden . When did what happen during the pandemic? n.d. Available: https:\/\/www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se\/smittskydd-beredskap\/utbrott\/aktuella-utbrott\/covid-19\/folkhalsomyndighetens-roll-under-arbetet-med-covid-19\/nar-hande-vad-under-pandemin"},{"key":"2025121409033277000_13.12.e069838.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-021-01582-4"},{"key":"2025121409033277000_13.12.e069838.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.34147","article-title":"Disparities in COVID-19 outcomes by race, Ethnicity, and socioeconomic status: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Magesh","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2025121409033277000_13.12.e069838.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.029652"},{"key":"2025121409033277000_13.12.e069838.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2020-214720"},{"key":"2025121409033277000_13.12.e069838.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker MG . Who cannot work from home? characterizing occupations facing increased risk during the COVID-19 pandemic using 2018 BLS data. Occupational and Environmental Health [Preprint] 2020. doi:10.1101\/2020.03.21.20031336","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.21.20031336"},{"key":"2025121409033277000_13.12.e069838.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2020-107164"},{"key":"2025121409033277000_13.12.e069838.11","unstructured":"Billingsley S , Brand\u00e9n M , Aradhya S , et al . Deaths in the frontline: occupation-specific COVID-19 mortality risks in Sweden. report from University of Stockholm; 2000. 36."},{"key":"2025121409033277000_13.12.e069838.12","unstructured":"Public Health Agency of Sweden . F\u00f6rekomst AV COVID-19 I Olika Yrkesgrupper. Bekr\u00e4ftade COVID-19 fall I Sverige 13 Mars-27 Maj 2020. (translated: the occurrence of COVID-19 in different occupational groups. Confirmed COVID-19 cases in Sweden 13 March-27 may 2020). \u00d6stersund. 2020."},{"key":"2025121409033277000_13.12.e069838.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233588","article-title":"Work-related COVID-19 transmission in six Asian countries\/areas: A follow-up study","volume":"15","author":"Lan","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2025121409033277000_13.12.e069838.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2021-107818"},{"key":"2025121409033277000_13.12.e069838.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.40.2001875","article-title":"Occupational risk of COVID-19 in the first versus second epidemic wave in Norway, 2020","volume":"26","author":"Magnusson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"2025121409033277000_13.12.e069838.16","unstructured":"Effekter Som COVID-19 Har P\u00e5 Sjukf\u00f6rs\u00e4kringen. (translated: effects of COVID-19 on health insurance). The Swedish Social Insurance Agency; 2022."},{"key":"2025121409033277000_13.12.e069838.17","unstructured":"Justie B , Koonse T , Macias M , et al . Fast-Food Frontline: COVID-19 and Working Conditions in Los Angeles. University California Los Angeles (UCLA), 2022."},{"key":"2025121409033277000_13.12.e069838.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-050945","article-title":"\u201c'stressed, uncomfortable, vulnerable, neglected': a qualitative study of the psychological and social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on UK frontline Keyworkers\u201d","volume":"11","author":"May","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2025121409033277000_13.12.e069838.19","unstructured":"Sweden statistics . Yrkesregistret MED Yrkesstatistik. In: The occupational register with occupational statistics 2017. The occupational structure in Sweden. Stockholm: Statistics Sweden, 2019."},{"key":"2025121409033277000_13.12.e069838.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kj\u00f8llesdal M , Magnusson K . Occupational risk of COVID-19 by country of birth. A register-based study. Infectious Diseases (except HIV\/AIDS) [Preprint] 2021. doi:10.1101\/2021.03.17.21253349","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.03.17.21253349"},{"key":"2025121409033277000_13.12.e069838.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2020-106731"},{"key":"2025121409033277000_13.12.e069838.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1112"},{"key":"2025121409033277000_13.12.e069838.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2885.2011.01385.x"},{"key":"2025121409033277000_13.12.e069838.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-155-2-201107190-00005"},{"key":"2025121409033277000_13.12.e069838.25","unstructured":"Ayala L , B\u00e1rcena-Mart\u00edn E , Cant\u00f3 O , et al . Working paper No.73: 2021. In: Housing Inequalities in COVID-19 Lockdown Across European Countries. Vigo, Spain: EQUALITAS,"},{"key":"2025121409033277000_13.12.e069838.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magnusson M . \u201cBortfallet och Folkh\u00e4lsan. conference Report\u201dVarf\u00f6r Svarar de Inte P\u00e5 V\u00e5ra Fr\u00e5gor?\u201d (translated: \"Why don't they answer our questions?\")\u201d; 2015. Socialmedicinsk Tidskrift 89\u201396.","DOI":"10.62607\/smt.v92i1.42794"},{"key":"2025121409033277000_13.12.e069838.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494812465030"},{"key":"2025121409033277000_13.12.e069838.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2021.101229","article-title":"COVID-19 related risk perception among taxi operators in Kingston and St","volume":"22","author":"James","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Transport & Health"},{"key":"2025121409033277000_13.12.e069838.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Molenaar J . The COVINFORM project - migrants as a \u2018vulnerable group\u2019 in the COVID-19 pandemic: A European perspective. SSM Qual Res Health 2021:1000076. doi:10.1016\/j.ssmqr.2022.100076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmqr.2022.100076"},{"key":"2025121409033277000_13.12.e069838.30","unstructured":"Esaiasson P , Johansson B , Ghersetti M , et al . Kriskommunikation och segregation I en Pandemi. Hur Boende I Utsatta Omr\u00e5den Informerade Sig OM Coronaviruset V\u00e5ren 2020. (translated: crisis communication and segregation in a pandemic. How residents in vulnerable areas informed themselves about the Coronavirus in spring 2020. University of Gothenburg Report from the Department of journalism, media and communication; 2020."},{"key":"2025121409033277000_13.12.e069838.31","unstructured":"Ving\u00e5rd E , Johansson B . Migration, Arbetsmilj\u00f6 och H\u00e4lsa - en Kunskaps\u00f6versikt. (translation: migration, work environment and health \u2013 a literature overview). Rapport. The Swedish work environment authority Uppsala: Uppsala Universitet; 2012. 4."},{"key":"2025121409033277000_13.12.e069838.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1108\/EDI-01-2021-0018","article-title":"Migrant workers in precarious employment","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"EDI"},{"key":"2025121409033277000_13.12.e069838.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0950017010362141"},{"key":"2025121409033277000_13.12.e069838.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.19154\/njwls.v2i3.2369","article-title":"Working conditions for female and immigrant cleaners in Stockholm County: an Intersectional approach","volume":"2","author":"Abbasian","year":"2012","journal-title":"NJWLS"},{"key":"2025121409033277000_13.12.e069838.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchez-Ramirez DC , Normand K , Zhaoyun Y , et al . Long-term impact of COVID-19: a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis. Biomedicines 2021;9. doi:10.3390\/biomedicines9080900","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9080900"},{"key":"2025121409033277000_13.12.e069838.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1177\/1048291120961337","article-title":"How the world health Organization (WHO) became a dangerous Interloper on workplace health and safety and COVID-19","volume":"30","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2020","journal-title":"NEW Solut"},{"key":"2025121409033277000_13.12.e069838.37","unstructured":"Birmingham local outbreak engagement board COVID-19 overview. data from 01\/06\/2020 \u2013 18\/01\/2021. Birmingham, 2021."},{"key":"2025121409033277000_13.12.e069838.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1093\/jrs\/feab053","article-title":"Informing hard-to-reach immigrant groups about COVID-19\u2014reaching the Somali population in Oslo","volume":"35","author":"Brekke","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Refug Stud"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-069838","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]],"date-time":"2025-12-14T17:03:41Z","timestamp":1765731821000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-069838"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-069838"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-069838","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}}}