{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T07:15:40Z","timestamp":1782544540012,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690416000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013263","name":"Norwegian Health Association","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013263","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021078","name":"Norwegian Institute of Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021078","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005036","name":"Universitetet i Bergen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005036","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In Ethiopia, one-third of the estimated tuberculosis cases are not detected or reported. Incidence estimates are inaccurate and rarely measured directly. Assessing the \u2018real\u2019 incidence under programme conditions is useful to understand the situation. This study aimed to measure the prevalence and incidence of symptomatic pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) during 1\u2009year in the adult population of Dale in Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A prospective population-based cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Every household in Dale was visited three times at 4-month intervals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individuals aged \u226515 years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Microscopy smear positive PTB (PTB s+), bacteriologically confirmed PTB (PTB b+) by microscopy, GeneXpert, or culture and clinically diagnosed PTB (PTB c+).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 136\u2009181 individuals, 2052 had presumptive TB (persistent cough for 14 days or more with or without\n                      <jats:italic>haemoptysis, weight loss, fever, night sweats, chest pain or difficulty breathing<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), in the first round of household visits including 93 with PTB s+, 98 with PTB b+ and 24 with PTB c+; adding those with PTB who were already on treatment, the total number of PTB was 201, and the prevalence was 147 (95% CI: 127 to 168)\/100 000 population. Out of all patients with PTB, the proportion detected by symptom screening was in PTB s+ 65%, PTB b+ 67% and PTB c+44%. During 96\u2009388 person-years follow-up, 1909 had presumptive TB, 320 had PTB and the total incidence of PTB was 332 (95% CI: 297 to 370)\/100 000 person-years, while the incidence of PTB s+, PTB b+ and PTB c+ was 230 (95% CI: 201 to 262), 263 (95% CI: 232 to 297) and 68 (95% CI: 53 to 86)\/100 000 person-years, respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of symptomatic sputum smear-positive TB was still high, only one-third of prevalent PTB cases notified and the incidence rate highest in the age group 25\u201334 years, indicating ongoing transmission. Finding missing people with TB through repeated symptom screening can contribute to reducing transmission.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-070594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,30]],"date-time":"2023-07-30T23:00:48Z","timestamp":1690758048000},"page":"e070594","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Prevalence and incidence of symptomatic pulmonary tuberculosis based on repeated population screening in a district in Ethiopia: a prospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0441-8845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abiot Bezabeh","family":"Banti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"REACH Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brita Askeland","family":"Winje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Akershus, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sven Gudmund","family":"Hinderaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Einar","family":"Heldal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Control and Vaccines, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markos","family":"Abebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mesay Hailu","family":"Dangisso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Gemechu","family":"Datiko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Management Sciences for Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121410535515000_13.7.e070594.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/arrd.1962.85.4.511"},{"key":"2025121410535515000_13.7.e070594.2","unstructured":"Rieder HL . 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National TB program report 2020\/21;"},{"key":"2025121410535515000_13.7.e070594.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028258","article-title":"Two-thirds of smear-positive tuberculosis cases in the community were Undiagnosed in Northwest Ethiopia: population based cross-sectional study","volume":"6","author":"Tadesse","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2025121410535515000_13.7.e070594.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0063174","article-title":"Innovative community-based approaches doubled tuberculosis case notification and improve treatment outcome in Southern Ethiopia","volume":"8","author":"Yassin","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025121410535515000_13.7.e070594.14","unstructured":"Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Central Statistics Agency . Summary and statistical report of the 2007 population and housing census. 2007. 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