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Testing the efficacy and promoting the availability of effective interventions to address unhealthy alcohol use among PWH is thus a priority. Alcohol use outcomes in intervention studies are often measured by self-report alone, which can lead to spurious results due to information biases (eg, social desirability). Measuring alcohol outcomes objectively through biomarkers, such as phosphatidylethanol (PEth), in addition to self-report has potential to improve the validity of intervention studies. This protocol outlines the methods for a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis that will estimate the efficacy of interventions to reduce alcohol use as measured by a combined categorical self-report\/PEth variable among PWH and compare these estimates to those generated when alcohol is measured by self-report or PEth alone.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title><jats:p>We will include randomised controlled trials that: (A) tested an alcohol intervention (behavioural and\/or pharmacological), (B) enrolled participants 15 years or older with HIV; (C) included both PEth and self-report measurements, (D) completed data collection by 31 August 2023. We will contact principal investigators of eligible studies to inquire about their willingness to contribute data. The primary outcome variable will be a combined self-report\/PEth alcohol categorical variable. Secondary outcomes will include PEth alone, self-report alone and HIV viral suppression. We will use a two-step meta-analysis and random effects modelling to estimate pooled treatment effects; I<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>will be calculated to evaluate heterogeneity. Secondary and sensitivity analyses will explore treatment effects in adjusted models and within subgroups. Funnel plots will be used to explore publication bias.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study will be conducted with deidentified data from completed randomised controlled trials and will be considered exempt from additional ethical approval. Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and international scientific meetings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>PROSPERO registration number<\/jats:title><jats:p>CRD42022373640.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-070713","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]],"date-time":"2023-06-07T07:57:43Z","timestamp":1686124663000},"page":"e070713","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Efficacy of alcohol reduction interventions among people with HIV as evaluated by self-report and a phosphatidylethanol (PEth) outcome: protocol for a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6598-3840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremy C","family":"Kane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9029-9744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Fatch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Scheffler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nneka","family":"Emenyonu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah B","family":"Puryear","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Priya","family":"Chirayil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaku","family":"So-Armah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6248-4149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher W","family":"Kahler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica F","family":"Magidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy A","family":"Conroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E Jennifer","family":"Edelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Woolf-King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Parry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan M","family":"Kiene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Chamie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Adong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vivian F","family":"Go","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert L","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Winnie","family":"Muyindike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neo","family":"Morojele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Blokhina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evgeny","family":"Krupitsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David A","family":"Fiellin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2697-8264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judith A","family":"Hahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023073121203864000_13.6.e070713.1","unstructured":"NIAAA . 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