{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T15:06:45Z","timestamp":1784214405084,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684108800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy And Infectious Diseases","award":["R01AI164947-02S1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI164947-02S1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sustained viral suppression, an indicator of long-term treatment success and mortality reduction, is one of four strategic areas of the \u2018Ending the HIV Epidemic\u2019 federal campaign launched in 2019. Under-represented populations, like racial or ethnic minority populations, sexual and gender minority groups, and socioeconomically disadvantaged populations, are disproportionately affected by HIV and experience a more striking virological failure. The COVID-19 pandemic might magnify the risk of incomplete viral suppression among under-represented people living with HIV (PLWH) due to interruptions in healthcare access and other worsened socioeconomic and environmental conditions. However, biomedical research rarely includes under-represented populations, resulting in biased algorithms. This proposal targets a broadly defined under-represented HIV population. It aims to develop a personalised viral suppression prediction model using machine learning (ML) techniques by incorporating multilevel factors using All of Us (AoU) data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cohort study will use data from the AoU research programme, which aims to recruit a broad, diverse group of US populations historically under-represented in biomedical research. The programme harmonises data from multiple sources on an ongoing basis. It has recruited ~4800\u2009PLWH with a series of self-reported survey data (eg, Lifestyle, Healthcare Access, COVID-19 Participant Experience) and relevant longitudinal electronic health records data. We will examine the change in viral suppression and develop personalised viral suppression prediction due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic using ML techniques, such as tree-based classifiers (classification and regression trees, random forest, decision tree and eXtreme Gradient Boosting), support vector machine, na\u00efve Bayes and long short-term memory.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The institutional review board approved the study at the University of South Carolina (Pro00124806) as a Non-Human Subject study. Findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals and disseminated at national and international conferences and through social media.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-070869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T10:48:11Z","timestamp":1684147691000},"page":"e070869","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Protocol for developing a personalised prediction model for viral suppression among under-represented populations in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jiajia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, South Carolina, USA"},{"name":"South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, South Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6788-0688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xueying","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Promotion Education and Behavior, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, South Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Weissman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, South Carolina, USA"},{"name":"Health Promotion Education and Behavior, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, South Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8295-8735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bankole","family":"Olatosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, South Carolina, USA"},{"name":"Health Services Policy and Management, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, South Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121515064469000_13.5.e070869.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001573","article-title":"Incomplete viral suppression and mortality in HIV patients after antiretroviral therapy initiation","volume":"31","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2025121515064469000_13.5.e070869.2","unstructured":"Services USDoHH . 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