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It is typically classified as either spontaneous, defined as SCInf without any inciting event, or periprocedural, which typically occur in conjunction with vascular surgery with aortic manipulations. While periprocedural SCInf has recently been the subject of intensified research, especially focusing on the primary prevention of this complication, spontaneous SCInf remains less studied.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science and Embase, will be searched using the keywords \u201cspinal cord\u201d, \u201cinfarction\u201d, \u201cischemia\u201d and \u201cspontaneous\u201d. The search will be set to provide only English studies published from database inception. Editorials, letters and reviews will also be excluded. Reference lists of relevant records will also be searched. Identified studies will be screened for inclusion, by one reviewer in the first step and then three in the next step to decrease the risk of bias. The synthesis will address several topics of interest including epidemiology, presentation, diagnostics, treatment strategies, outcomes and predictors. The review aims to gather the body of evidence to summarise the current knowledge on SCInf. This will lead to a better understanding of the condition, its risk factors, diagnosis and management. Moreover, the review will also provide an understanding of the prognosis of patients with SCInf with respect to neurological function, quality of life and mortality. Finally, this overview of the literature will allow the identification of knowledge gaps to help guide future research efforts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ethics approval was not required for our review as it is based on existing publications. The final manuscript will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-071044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]],"date-time":"2023-06-21T09:42:46Z","timestamp":1687340566000},"page":"e071044","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Spontaneous spinal cord infarctions: a systematic review and pooled analysis protocol"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9479-761X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor Gabriel","family":"El-Hajj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vasilios","family":"Stenimahitis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Gharios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Omar Ali","family":"Mahdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3776-6136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Elmi-Terander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stockholm Spine Center, L\u00f6wenstr\u00f6mska Hospital, Upplands-V\u00e4sby, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Edstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Stockholm Spine Center, L\u00f6wenstr\u00f6mska Hospital, Upplands-V\u00e4sby, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121411034005000_13.6.e071044.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2003.031724"},{"key":"2025121411034005000_13.6.e071044.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101201"},{"key":"2025121411034005000_13.6.e071044.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.06.008","article-title":"Spinal cord infarction: clinical and radiological features","volume":"27","author":"Yadav","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases"},{"key":"2025121411034005000_13.6.e071044.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.50840","article-title":"The Etiologies and prognosis associated with spinal cord infarction","volume":"6","author":"Hsu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"2025121411034005000_13.6.e071044.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4118"},{"key":"2025121411034005000_13.6.e071044.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1159\/000446700","article-title":"Spinal cord infarction in clinical neurology: A review of characteristics and long-term prognosis in comparison to cerebral infarction","volume":"76","author":"Romi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"2025121411034005000_13.6.e071044.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.63.8.1113"},{"key":"2025121411034005000_13.6.e071044.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.006490"},{"key":"2025121411034005000_13.6.e071044.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.47.2.321"},{"key":"2025121411034005000_13.6.e071044.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(02)03714-1"},{"key":"2025121411034005000_13.6.e071044.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.2734","article-title":"Characteristics of spontaneous spinal cord infarction and proposed diagnostic criteria","volume":"76","author":"Zalewski","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"2025121411034005000_13.6.e071044.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stenimahitis V , Fletcher-Sandersj\u00f6\u00f6 A , El-Hajj VG , et al . 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