{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T17:29:29Z","timestamp":1788370169276,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686009600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Epilepsy is one of the most common chronic neurological disorders. Antiseizure medication (ASM) is the first choice of treatment, however, 30% of epilepsy patients are drug-resistant. For these patients, neuromodulation can be an option, especially when epilepsy surgery is not possible or did not lead to seizure freedom. Epilepsy is associated with reduced quality of life (QoL), which heavily depends on seizure control.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>The most recent Cochrane reviews have shown that vagus nerve stimulation and deep brain stimulation of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus, lead to a responder rate OR of, respectively, 1.93 and 1.20. The question arises if neuromodulation for drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) will be more cost-effective than sole treatment with ASM. The current study aims to determine the change in QoL after neuromodulation. Secondarily, we will aim to study the cost-effectiveness of these treatments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This prospective cohort study aims at including 100 patients aged 16 or above who will be referred for neuromodulation, from January 2021 to January 2026. After informed consent, QoL and other relevant parameters will be assessed at baseline, 6 months, 1, 2 and 5 years after surgery. Data on seizure frequency will be derived from patient charts. We expect that DRE patients will report better QoL after neuromodulation. Even if they would still report seizures, the treatment can be seen as useful. This is especially true when patients can participate in society again to a greater extent than before treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The board of directors of participating centres all gave permission for this study to commence. The medical ethics committees decided that this study does not fall under the Medical Research Involving Human Subjects Act (WMO). The findings of this study will be presented at (inter)national conferences and in peer-reviewed journals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NL9033.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-071575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]],"date-time":"2023-06-07T03:55:46Z","timestamp":1686110146000},"page":"e071575","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["QUality of life and Economic evaluation after neuroSTimulation for Epilepsy (QUESTE) in adolescents and adults with drug-resistant epilepsy: protocol for a multicentre, prospective observational cohort study in The Netherlands"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1397-8871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacco J A 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Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olaf","family":"Schijns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8053-5512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghislaine A P G","family":"van Mastrigt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Services Research, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob","family":"Rouhl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G Louis","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maastricht University School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Academic Centre for Epileptology, Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe & Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Heeze, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2796-729X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sander","family":"van Kuijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technology Assessment, Maastricht Universitair Medisch Centrum+, Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeske","family":"Nelissen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The 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