{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T12:46:15Z","timestamp":1765889175101,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001349","name":"National Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NMRC-CSA-SI #JRNMRR140601","NMRC\/CSASI\/0009\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NMRC-CSA-SI #JRNMRR140601","NMRC\/CSASI\/0009\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We pilot-tested the <jats:underline>VIS<\/jats:underline>ually <jats:underline>I<\/jats:underline>ndependent test battery <jats:underline>O<\/jats:underline>f <jats:underline>N<\/jats:underline>euro<jats:underline>COG<\/jats:underline>nition (VISION-Cog) to determine its feasibility, comprehensibility and acceptability in evaluating cognitive impairment (CI) in visually impaired older Asian adults.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The VISION-Cog was iteratively fine-tuned through pilot studies and expert-panel discussion. In the first pilot study (Stage 1), we recruited 15 visually impaired and cognitively normal participants aged \u226560 years to examine the pilot VISION-Cog\u2019s feasibility (length of time to administer), comprehensibility (clarity of instructions) and acceptability (participant burden). We then presented the pilot results to the expert panel (Stage 2) who decided via agreement on a revised version of the VISION-Cog. Subsequently, we conducted a second pilot study (Stage 3) on another four participants to ascertain improvement in feasibility, comprehensibility and acceptability of the revised version.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Singapore Eye Research Institute.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Nineteen Asian adults aged \u226560 years with visual impairment (defined as near visual acuity worse than N8) were recruited.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Outcome measure<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Revised VISION-Cog.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The VISION-Cog was deemed feasible, taking approximately 60\u2009min to complete on average. All participants agreed that the test instructions were clear, and the battery did not cause undue discomfort or frustration. The data collector rated all tests as very user-friendly (score of 5\/5). Minor modifications to the pilot VISION-Cog were suggested by the panel to improve its safety, clarity of instructions and content validity, which were incorporated and iteratively tested in the second pilot study until no further issues emerged.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Using an iterative mixed-methods process, we have developed a feasible, comprehensible and acceptable 5-domain and 9-item visually independent VISION-Cog test battery suitable to assist CI diagnosis in older adults with visual impairment. We will assess its diagnostic potential against clinician-based assessment of CI in subsequent phases.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-072151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T11:21:58Z","timestamp":1693567318000},"page":"e072151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Feasibility, comprehensibility and acceptability of the VISION-Cog, a novel tool to assess cognitive impairment in visually impaired older adults: a cross-sectional pilot study in Singapore"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tai Anh","family":"Vu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Fenwick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore"},{"name":"Population Health Research, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kinjal","family":"Doshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Preeti","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore"},{"name":"Population Health Research, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shin Yi","family":"Quek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pharmacology and Psychological Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Ting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adeline S L","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Yap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric Medicine, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donald","family":"Yeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KALL Psychological & Counselling Services Pte Ltd, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Milea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore"},{"name":"Population Health Research, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore"},{"name":"Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ecosse","family":"Lamoureux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101813320011000_13.9.e072151.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization . 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