{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T14:49:09Z","timestamp":1793717349468,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]],"date-time":"2023-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700265600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study was designed to identify the patterns, prevalence and risk factors of intimate partner violence (IPV) against female adolescents and its association with mental health problems.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross-sectional survey.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Settings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dumuria<jats:italic>Upazila<\/jats:italic>(subdistrict) under the Khulna district of Bangladesh.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 304 participants were selected purposively based on some specifications: they must be female adolescents, residents of Dumuria<jats:italic>Upazila<\/jats:italic>and married during the COVID-19 pandemic when under 18 years of age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Outcome measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>By administering a semi-structured interview schedule, data were collected regarding IPV using 12 five-point Likert scale items; a higher score from the summation reflects frequent violence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings suggest that the prevalence of physical, sexual and emotional IPV among the 304 participants, who had an average age of 17.1 years (SD=1.42), was 89.5%, 87.8% and 93.7%, respectively, whereas 12.2% of the participants experienced severe physical IPV, 9.9% experienced severe sexual IPV and 10.5% experienced severe emotional IPV. Stepwise regression models identified age at marriage (p=0.001), number of miscarriages (p=0.005), education of spouse (p=0.001), income of spouse (p=0.016), age gap between spouses (p=0.008), marital adjustment (p&lt;0.001) and subjective happiness (p&lt;0.001) as significant risk factors. Hierarchical regression, however, indicated that age at marriage (p&lt;0.001), age gap between spouses (p&lt;0.001), marital adjustment (p&lt;0.001) and subjective happiness (p&lt;0.001) had negative associations with IPV, while the number of miscarriages (p&lt;0.001) had a positive relationship. Pearson\u2019s correlation showed that IPV was significantly associated with depression, anxiety and stress.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>During the COVID-19 pandemic, an increase in IPV and mental health problems among early married adolescents was documented. To reduce physical and mental harm and to assure their well-being, preventive and rehabilitative measures should be devised.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-072279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]],"date-time":"2023-11-18T03:00:49Z","timestamp":1700276449000},"page":"e072279","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Patterns, prevalence and risk factors of intimate partner violence and its association with mental health status during COVID-19: a cross-sectional study on early married female adolescents in Khulna district, Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jannatul Ferdous","family":"Nishat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umme Salma","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taufiq-E-Ahmed","family":"Shovo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benojir","family":"Ahammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7318-9727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Mizanur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0315-6900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Tanvir","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024020822452434000_13.11.e072279.1","unstructured":"Dahlberg LL , Krug EG . 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