{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T03:25:31Z","timestamp":1783740331345,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688947200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bradykinesia (ie, slow movements) is one of the most prominent symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) and has a negative impact on quality of life. Rhythmic auditory stimulation (RAS), a widely used and promising treatment technique, has been shown to effectively improve gait speed in patients with PD. The upper-limb movements, which also suffer from bradykinesia, are essential for daily life and directly impact quality of life. The term, patterned sensory enhancement (PSE) instead of RAS, is used when movement training targets the human body except lower limbs. Up until now, scarce studies have explored effects of training involving PSE on upper-limb movements. The purpose of this study is to investigate effects of movement training involving PSE on upper-limb movement speed and function in patients with PD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 138 patients with PD will be randomly assigned into two groups: the PSE group and the no-PSE group. A 21-day upper-limb training involving PSE (for the PSE group) or without PSE (for the no-PSE group) will be provided to the patients. An assessor will administer the box and block test and the Jebsen hand function test before and after training to assess upper-limb movement speed and function. The one-way analysis of covariance will be performed. This randomised controlled trial will provide evidence supporting effectiveness of upper-limb movement training involving PSE on reducing severity of bradykinesia in patients with PD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ethical approval has been obtained from the Institutional Review Board of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University with the reference number HSEARS20221027005. Informed consent forms will be gathered from all patients before their participation. Study results will be disseminated through conferences and peer-reviewed academic journals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\" xlink:href=\"NCT05637593\">NCT05637593<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-072416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T14:37:56Z","timestamp":1689172676000},"page":"e072416","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of training involving patterned sensory enhancement on improving upper-limb movements in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: protocol of a randomised controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"13","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct05637593","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3520-9691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth N K","family":"Fong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-Mei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023071207351826000_13.7.e072416.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4397","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24710","article-title":"Dopaminergic modulation of motor network compensatory mechanisms in parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"40","author":"Jastrz\u0119bowska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2023071207351826000_13.7.e072416.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2006.11.005"},{"key":"2023071207351826000_13.7.e072416.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(16)30230-7"},{"key":"2023071207351826000_13.7.e072416.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-374236-0.10020-3","article-title":"The basal ganglia","volume":"2012","author":"Haber","year":"2012","journal-title":"In: The Human Nervous System: Elsevier"},{"key":"2023071207351826000_13.7.e072416.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s007020050171","article-title":"Parkinson's disease: a major hypokinetic basal ganglia disorder","volume":"106","author":"Sian","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"key":"2023071207351826000_13.7.e072416.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2915"},{"key":"2023071207351826000_13.7.e072416.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.226451"},{"key":"2023071207351826000_13.7.e072416.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sim\u00f5es R , Litvan I . 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