{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T12:17:39Z","timestamp":1790252259210,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697673600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Foundation\/US Department of Health and Human Services","award":["U01CE003408"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01CE003408"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Child sexual abuse (CSA) poses a significant threat to the health and well-being of children in the USA and globally. Many states have introduced or implemented policies to address and prevent CSA, but little research has linked the effects of this legislation on the reduction of adult-perpetrated CSA. The objective of this scoping review is to identify US policies which aim to prevent CSA, explain the components of these types of legislation, review evidence of effectiveness, describe the populations included in the literature, and identify barriers and facilitators to the implementation of said policies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This scoping review will follow Joanna Briggs Institute methodology for scoping reviews and will use the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews Checklist. Sources of peer-reviewed evidence from January 2000 to July 2023 will be included. Relevant publications will first be searched in PubMed\/MEDLINE database, then 25 other databases. The reference lists of included studies and high-yield journals will be hand searched. Articles which focus on the types of CSA prevention policies and their effects will be included. Studies must clearly demonstrate a connection between policies and CSA outcomes. Title, abstract, full-text screening and extraction will be completed by a team of three researchers. Critical appraisal of the included studies will be performed. Extracted data will be displayed in tabular form and a narrative summary will describe the results of the review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This scoping review will provide an extensive overview of legislative policies which aim to prevent CSA in the USA. Results of this review will inform future CSA prevention policies in the USA, particularly regarding policy development, evaluation and implementation. Results will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed publication.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-073182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T21:00:17Z","timestamp":1697749217000},"page":"e073182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Prevention of child sexual abuse in the USA: a scoping review protocol of US legislative policies"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9499-9940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire E","family":"Helpingstine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Prevent Child Abuse America, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2912-5763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine A","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Prevent Child Abuse America, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2001-1025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa T","family":"Merrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Prevent Child Abuse America, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4574-7971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J Bart","family":"Klika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Prevent Child Abuse America, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121408563956000_13.10.e073182.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herrenkohl TI , Hong S , Klika JB , et al . Developmental impacts of child abuse and neglect related to adult mental health, substance use, and physical health. J Fam Violence 2013;28. doi:10.1007\/s10896-012-9474-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-012-9474-9"},{"key":"2025121408563956000_13.10.e073182.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.02.020","article-title":"The economic burden of child sexual abuse in the United States","volume":"79","author":"Letourneau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"2025121408563956000_13.10.e073182.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s10560-020-00665-5","article-title":"Economic burden of known cases of child Maltreatment from 2018 in each State","volume":"37","author":"Klika","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Soc Work J"},{"key":"2025121408563956000_13.10.e073182.4","unstructured":"Cdc.gov . Fast facts: preventing child sexual abuse. 2022. Available: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/violenceprevention\/childsexualabuse\/fastfact.html [accessed 19 Jan 2023]."},{"key":"2025121408563956000_13.10.e073182.5","unstructured":"Children\u2019s Bureau of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . Child Maltreatment, . 2018 Available: https:\/\/www.acf.hhs.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/cb\/cm2018.pdf"},{"key":"2025121408563956000_13.10.e073182.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2009.0583"},{"key":"2025121408563956000_13.10.e073182.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-2166"},{"key":"2025121408563956000_13.10.e073182.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-013-0519-5"},{"key":"2025121408563956000_13.10.e073182.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.20220174","article-title":"Childhood Maltreatment and mental health problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis of quasi-experimental studies","volume":"180","author":"Baldwin","year":"2023","journal-title":"AJP"},{"key":"2025121408563956000_13.10.e073182.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702617741381","article-title":"Adolescent Victimization and early-adult psychopathology: approaching causal inference using a longitudinal twin study to rule out Noncausal explanations","volume":"6","author":"Schaefer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci"},{"key":"2025121408563956000_13.10.e073182.11","unstructured":"Conte JR , Vaughan-Eden V . Child sexual abuse. In: J.B K , Conte JR , eds. American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children Handbook on Child Maltreatment. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2018: 95\u2013110."},{"key":"2025121408563956000_13.10.e073182.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-012-0316-5","article-title":"Treatment of childhood sexual abuse: an updated review","volume":"14","author":"Cummings","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"2025121408563956000_13.10.e073182.13","unstructured":"Cohen JA , Mannarino AP , Deblinger E . Treating trauma and traumatic grief in children and adolescents 2nd ed. New York, NY: Guilford Publications, 2016."},{"key":"2025121408563956000_13.10.e073182.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2018.18050578","article-title":"Treating victims of child sexual abuse","volume":"175","author":"Hanson","year":"2018","journal-title":"AJP"},{"key":"2025121408563956000_13.10.e073182.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1080\/19371918.2013.776321","article-title":"Child sexual abuse prevention policy: an analysis of Erin\u2019s law","volume":"29","author":"Anderson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc Work Public Health"},{"key":"2025121408563956000_13.10.e073182.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klika JB , Rosenzweig JF , Hiner Z . Child sexual abuse prevention. In: Childhood Sexual Abuse: Forensic Issues in Evidence, Impact, and Management. 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Chapter 11: Scoping reviews. In: JBI Reviewer\u2019s Manual. 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