{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:47:58Z","timestamp":1791895678272,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,10]],"date-time":"2023-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702166400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000664","name":"Health Technology Assessment Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16\/13\/02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/13\/02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000664","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aims to estimate the cost-effectiveness of oral spironolactone plus routine topical treatment compared with routine topical treatment alone for persistent acne in adult women from a British NHS perspective over 24\u2009weeks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Economic evaluation undertaken alongside a pragmatic, parallel, double-blind, randomised trial.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Primary and secondary healthcare, community and social media advertising.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Women \u226518 years with persistent facial acne judged to warrant oral antibiotic treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants were randomised 1:1 to 50\u2009mg\/day spironolactone (increasing to 100\u2009mg\/day after 6 weeks) or matched placebo until week 24. Participants in both groups could continue topical treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cost-utility analysis assessed incremental cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) using the EQ-5D-5L. Cost-effectiveness analysis estimated incremental cost per unit change on the Acne-QoL symptom subscale. Adjusted analysis included randomisation stratification variables (centre, baseline severity (investigator\u2019s global assessment, IGA &lt;3 vs \u22653)) and baseline variables (Acne-QoL symptom subscale score, resource use costs, EQ-5D score and use of topical treatments).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Spironolactone did not appear cost-effective in the complete case analysis (n=126 spironolactone, n=109 control), compared with no active systemic treatment (adjusted incremental cost per QALY \u00a367 191; unadjusted \u00a334 770). Incremental cost per QALY was \u00a327\u2009879 (adjusted), just below the upper National Institute for Health and Care Excellence\u2019s threshold value of \u00a330 000, where multiple imputation took account of missing data. Incremental cost per QALY for other sensitivity analyses varied around the base-case, highlighting the degree of uncertainty. The adjusted incremental cost per point change on the Acne-QoL symptom subscale for spironolactone compared with no active systemic treatment was \u00a338.21 (complete case analysis).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results demonstrate a high level of uncertainty, particularly with respect to estimates of incremental QALYs. Compared with no active systemic treatment, spironolactone was estimated to be marginally cost-effective where multiple imputation was performed but was not cost-effective in complete case analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title><jats:p>ISRCTN registry (<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"isrctn\" xlink:href=\"ISRCTN12892056\">ISRCTN12892056<\/jats:ext-link>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-073245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]],"date-time":"2023-12-11T21:21:13Z","timestamp":1702329673000},"page":"e073245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Cost-effectiveness of Spironolactone for Adult Female Acne (SAFA): economic evaluation alongside a randomised controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"13","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"isrctn12892056","registry":"10.18810\/isrctn"},{"clinical-trial-number":"isrctn12892056","registry":"10.18810\/isrctn"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0093-9125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Pyne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8098-9220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tracey H","family":"Sach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Lawrence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Renz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zina","family":"Eminton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5432-7437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beth","family":"Stuart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7785-7465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kim S","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8939-7312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nick","family":"Francis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Soulsby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia V","family":"Permyakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7954-8823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew J","family":"Ridd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3664-1873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Little","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9341-6133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingrid","family":"Muller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqui","family":"Nuttall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gareth","family":"Griffiths","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison M","family":"Layton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7264-5260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miriam","family":"Santer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023123022352250000_13.12.e073245.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38987.606701.80"},{"key":"2023123022352250000_13.12.e073245.2","unstructured":"Schofield J , Grindlay D , Williams H . 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