{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T12:39:08Z","timestamp":1791463148141,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]],"date-time":"2023-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692748800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of the study is to estimate trends in the prevalence and associated factors of non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors in adults from 2007 to 2020 in Cabo Verde.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Population-based cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nationally representative samples of adult population in Cabo Verde from the 2007 and 2020 STEPwise approach to NCD risk factor surveillance (STEPS) surveys.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The sample included 1760 adults in 2007 and 3721 in 2020.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Included fruit\/vegetable consumption, low physical activity, sedentary behaviour, current tobacco use, hazardous alcohol use, diabetes, total elevated cholesterol, hypertension and overweight\/obesity. Logistic regressions adjusted for sociodemographic factors were applied to estimate predictors of each of the nine NCD risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared with participants in the study year 2007, participants in the study year 2020 had a significantly higher prevalence of low physical activity (adjusted OR (AOR): 2.21, 95% CI: 1.15 to 4.25) and overweight\/obesity (AOR: 1.68, 95%\u2009CI: 1.26 to 2.23) and significantly lower rate of hypertension (AOR: 0.77, 95%\u2009CI: 0.64 to 0.93). Low physical activity (AOR: 1.61, 95%\u2009CI: 1.23 to 2.10), overweight\/obesity (AOR: 2.59, 95%\u2009CI: 2.10 to 3.20), current tobacco use (AOR: 1.94, 95%\u2009CI: 1.36 to 2.75), hypertension (AOR: 5.45, 95%\u2009CI: 4.24 to 7.00), diabetes (AOR: 8.40, 95%\u2009CI: 4.65 to 15.18) and elevated total cholesterol (AOR: 4.58, 95%\u2009CI: 2.83 to 7.39) were more common among the 50\u201364-year-olds. Being male increased the odds of current tobacco use (AOR: 3.64, 95%\u2009CI: 2.75 to 4.81) and hazardous alcohol use (AOR: 4.79, 95%\u2009CI: 3.15 to 7.27), and decreased the odds of low physical activity (AOR: 0.48, 95%\u2009CI: 0.39 to 0.58) and overweight\/obesity (AOR: 0.47, 95%\u2009CI: 0.40 to 0.56).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the nine NCD risk factors evaluated from 2007 to 2020 in Cabo Verde, two increased (overweight\/obesity and low physical activity) and one decreased (hypertension). Several associated variables were identified for each individual NCD risk factor that can help in guiding interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-073327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]],"date-time":"2023-08-23T11:29:01Z","timestamp":1692790141000},"page":"e073327","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Behavioural and biological risk factors of non-communicable diseases among adults in Cabo Verde: a repeated cross-sectional study of the 2007 and 2020 national community-based surveys"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Supa","family":"Pengpid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"},{"name":"Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5980-0876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karl","family":"Peltzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120619083967000_13.8.e073327.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) . 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