{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T11:32:58Z","timestamp":1782127978285,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]],"date-time":"2023-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699574400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In this study, we aimed to identify the causes, predictors and gender disparities of 30-day and 90-day cardiovascular readmissions after COVID-19-related hospitalisations using National Readmission Database (NRD) 2020.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We used the NRD from 2020 to identify hospitalised adults with a principal diagnosis of COVID-19 infection.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We included subjects who were readmitted within 30 days and 90 days after index admission. We excluded subjects with elective and traumatic admissions. We used a multivariate Cox regression model to identify independent predictors of readmission.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Primary and secondary outcomes measures<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our outcomes were inpatient mortality, 30-day and 90-day cardiovascular readmission rates following COVID-19 infection.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>During the study period, there were 1\u2009024\u2009492 index hospitalisations with a primary diagnosis of COVID-19 infection in the 2020 NRD database, 644\u2009903 (62.9%) were included for 30-day readmission analysis, and 418\u2009122 (40.8%) were included for 90-day readmission analysis. Of patients involved in the 30-day analysis, 7140 (1.1%) patients had a readmission within 30 days; of patients involved in the 90-day analysis, 8379 (2.0%) had a readmission within 90 days due to primarily cardiovascular causes. Cox regression analysis revealed that the female sex (aHR 0.89; 95%\u2009CI 0.82 to 0.95; p=0.001) was associated with a lower hazard of 30-day cardiovascular readmissions; however, congestive heart failure (aHR 2.45; 95%\u2009CI 2.2 to 2.72; p&lt;0.001), arrhythmias (aHR 2.45; 95%\u2009CI 2.2 to 2.72; p&lt;0.001) and valvular disease (aHR 2.45; 95%\u2009CI 2.2 to 2.72; p&lt;0.001) had a higher hazard. The most common causes of cardiovascular readmissions were heart failure (34.3%), deep vein thrombosis\/pulmonary embolism (22.5%) and atrial fibrillation (9.5%).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our study demonstrates that male gender, heart failure, arrhythmias and valvular disease carry higher hazards of 30-day and 90-day cardiovascular readmissions. Identifying risk factors and common causes of readmission may assist with lowering the burden of cardiovascular disease in patients with COVID-19 infection.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-073959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]],"date-time":"2023-11-10T12:07:06Z","timestamp":1699618026000},"page":"e073959","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Gender disparities, causes and predictors of immediate and short-term cardiovascular readmissions following COVID-19-related hospitalisations in the USA"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6915-9656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ufuk","family":"Vardar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, John H Stroger Jr Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hafeez","family":"Shaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, John H Stroger Jr Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9889-9285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dennis","family":"Kumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, John H Stroger Jr Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohan","family":"Gajjar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, John H Stroger Jr Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olva","family":"Bess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Woodhull Hospital, Brooklyn, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Kanemo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Rapides Regional Medical Center, Alexandria, Louisiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdultawab","family":"Shaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Windsor University School of Medicine, Cayon, Saint Kitts and Nevis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naveen","family":"Baskaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101811491007000_13.11.e073959.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization . WHO director-general\u2019s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19-11 March 2020. World Health Organization; 2020. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/dg\/speeches\/detail\/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020 [Accessed Feb 2023]."},{"key":"2025101811491007000_13.11.e073959.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1585"},{"key":"2025101811491007000_13.11.e073959.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0968-3"},{"key":"2025101811491007000_13.11.e073959.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01283-z"},{"key":"2025101811491007000_13.11.e073959.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03553-9"},{"key":"2025101811491007000_13.11.e073959.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa408"},{"key":"2025101811491007000_13.11.e073959.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101700","article-title":"Long-term cardiovascular outcomes in COVID-19 survivors among non-vaccinated population: A retrospective cohort study from the Trinetx US collaborative networks","volume":"53","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"2025101811491007000_13.11.e073959.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01689-3","article-title":"Long-term cardiovascular outcomes of COVID-19","volume":"28","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2025101811491007000_13.11.e073959.9","unstructured":"Madjid M , Solomon S , Vardeny O , et al . American College of Cardiology (ACC. ACC clinical bulletin addressing the cardiac implications of novel Wuhan Coronavirus (2019-nCoV), Available: https:\/\/www.acc.org\/~\/media\/665AFA1E710B4B3293138D14BE8D1213.pdf"},{"key":"2025101811491007000_13.11.e073959.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047349"},{"key":"2025101811491007000_13.11.e073959.11","unstructured":"Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project . The HCUP Nationwide Readmissions Database (NRD); Hcup A Federal-State-Industry Partnership in Health Data Sponsored by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, . 2020 Available: https:\/\/hcup-us.ahrq.gov\/db\/nation\/nrd\/Introduction_NRD_2020.pdf"},{"key":"2025101811491007000_13.11.e073959.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199801000-00004"},{"key":"2025101811491007000_13.11.e073959.13","article-title":"A revised Comorbidity model for administrative databases using clinical classifications software refined 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