{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T11:10:53Z","timestamp":1787829053229,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]],"date-time":"2023-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691366400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Guangdong Science and Technology Special Fund Project","award":["210701206902460"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["210701206902460"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong High-Level University Development Program","award":["002-18119101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["002-18119101"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the progression and incidence of myopia in Chinese schoolchildren in the post-COVID-19 pandemic period in Shantou, China.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Shantou Myopia Study, China.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>1-year follow-up data were available for 621\u2009881 schoolchildren (301\u2009999 females). Data on spherical equivalent refraction (SER) were collected.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary and secondary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The primary outcomes were myopia progression and incidence. Myopia progression is defined as a change of SER towards the negative direction in the follow-up visit. Incidence is defined as the proportion of schoolchildren who were not myopic but developed myopia in the follow-up study. Age, sex and SER at baseline were evaluated as associated factors for myopia burden, which were defined as the secondary outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mean progression of SER was \u22120.35\u00b10.97 D for the population (ranging from \u22120.06 D at 18 years of age to \u22120.46 D at 11 years of age), with a rapid myopic progression for students at the age of 10\u201312 years (\u22120.50 D in girls and \u22120.44 D in boys). A myopic shift greater than \u22120.50 D\/year occurred in 256\u2009299 eyes (41.21%). Myopic progression in refraction was associated with the 10\u201312 years age groups (OR 1.42; 95%\u2009CI 1.39 to 1.45, p&lt;0.001), female sex (OR 1.09; 95%\u2009CI 1.08 to 1.10, p&lt;0.001) and higher refractive errors at baseline (OR&gt;1.00, p&lt;0.001). The annual incidence of myopia among schoolchildren was 24.85%, with an incidence of 26.69% in girls and 23.02% in boys.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study revealed an annual myopia progression of \u22120.35 D and an incidence of 24.85% among schoolchildren in the post-COVID-19 pandemic period. Myopia progressed rapidly at 10\u201312 years of age, with \u22120.50 D in girls and \u22120.44 D in boys. The incidence was higher for children aged 10\u201311 years and for girls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-074548","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]],"date-time":"2023-08-07T13:41:51Z","timestamp":1691415711000},"page":"e074548","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Progression and incidence of myopia among schoolchildren in the post-COVID-19 pandemic period: a prospective cohort study in Shantou, China"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Chengyao","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China"},{"name":"Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 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