{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T18:58:18Z","timestamp":1793213898203,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]],"date-time":"2024-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715126400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hubei Province Education Science Plan 2022 annual special funding key projects","award":["2022ZA25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022ZA25"]}]},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Association of Higher Education","award":["2022ZA25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022ZA25"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Incomplete combustion of solid fuel and exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) are the primary causes of indoor air pollution (IAP), potentially leading to detrimental effects on individual mental health. However, current evidence regarding the association between IAP and depression remains inconclusive. This study aims to systematically investigate the evidence regarding the association between IAP and the risk of depression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data sources<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two independent reviewers searched PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science and EMBASE for available studies published up to 13 January 2024.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Eligibility criteria<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included all cohort studies published in English that aimed to explore the relationship between IAP from solid fuel use and SHS exposure and the risk of depression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data extraction and synthesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Two independent reviewers extracted data and assessed the risk of bias. The association between IAP and depression was calculated using pooled relative risk (RR) with 95% CIs. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      value, and the effect estimates were pooled using fixed-effects or random-effects models depending on the results of homogeneity analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We included 12 articles with data from 61\u2009217 participants. The overall findings demonstrated a significant association between IAP exposure and depression (RR=1.22, 95%\u2009CI: 1.13 to 1.31), although with substantial heterogeneity (I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      =75%). Subgroup analyses based on pollutant type revealed that IAP from solid fuel use was associated with a higher risk of depression (RR=1.20, 95%\u2009CI: 1.13 to 1.26; I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      =62%; 5 studies, 36\u2009768 participants) than that from SHS exposure (RR\n                      <jats:italic>=<\/jats:italic>\n                      1.11, 95%\u2009CI: 0.87 to 1.41; I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      =80%; 7 studies, 24\u2009449 participants). In terms of fuel use, the use of solid fuel for cooking (RR: 1.23, 95%\u2009CI: 1.16 to 1.31; I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      =58%; 4 studies, 34\u2009044 participants) and heating (RR 1.15, 95%\u2009CI: 1.04 to 1.27; I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      =65%; 3 studies, 24\u2009874 participants) was associated with increased depression risk.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings from this systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies indicated an association between exposure to IAP and depression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PROSPERO registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CRD42022383285.<\/jats:p>\n                  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