{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T06:25:49Z","timestamp":1781504749372,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]],"date-time":"2023-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703203200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bergesen foundation, Norway","award":["BF-34138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BF-34138"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To report and compare psychological distress as symptoms of anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress among intensive care units\u2019 (ICU) nurses, physicians and leaders at 12\u2009months after the baseline survey (spring 2020), during the COVID-19 pandemic in Norway. Furthermore, to analyse which baseline demographic and COVID ICU-related factors have a significant impact on psychological distress at 12\u2009months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective, longitudinal, observational cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nationwide, 27 of 28 hospitals with COVID ICUs in Norway.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nurses, physicians and their leaders. At 12\u2009month follow-up 287 (59.3%) of 484 baseline participants responded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary and secondary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Symptoms of anxiety and depression using the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist-10 (HSCL-10). Symptoms of post-traumatic stress using the post-traumatic stress disease checklist for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 (PCL-5).<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Demographics (included previous symptoms of anxiety and depression) and COVID ICU-related factors (professional preparations, emotional experience and support) impacting distress at 12\u2009months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Psychological distress, defined as caseness on either or both HSCL-10 and PCL-5, did not change significantly and was present for 13.6% of the participants at baseline and 13.2% at 12\u2009month follow-up. Nurses reported significantly higher levels of psychological distress than physicians and leaders. Adjusted for demographics and the COVID ICU-related factors at baseline, previous symptoms of depression and fear of infection were significantly associated with higher levels of anxiety and depression at 12\u2009months. Previous symptoms of depression, fear of infection and feeling of loneliness was significantly associated with more symptoms of post-traumatic stress.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One year into the COVID-19 pandemic 13.2% of the ICUs professionals reported psychological distress, more frequently among the nurses. Fear of infection, loneliness and previous symptoms of depression reported at baseline were associated with higher levels of distress. Protective equipment and peer support are recommended to mitigate distress.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      ClinicalTrials.gov. Identifier:\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\" xlink:href=\"NCT04372056\">NCT04372056<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-075190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]],"date-time":"2023-12-22T13:05:13Z","timestamp":1703250313000},"page":"e075190","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Prevalence of psychological distress in nurses, physicians and leaders working in intensive care units during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national one-year follow-up study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"13","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct04372056","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8048-0232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingvild Strand","family":"Hovland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Acute Medicine, Division of Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of the Behavioural Sciences in Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Centre for Patient Centered Heart and Lung Research, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laila","family":"Skogstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Patient Centered Heart and Lung Research, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Health and Care Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siv","family":"Stafseth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Patient Centered Heart and Lung Research, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of MEVU, Lovisenberg Diaconal University College, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1845-1147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erlend","family":"Hem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of the Behavioural Sciences in Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Institue of Studies of the Medical Profession, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lien M","family":"Diep","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"R\u00e6der","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Intitute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00d8ivind","family":"Ekeberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychosomatic and CL psychiatry, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0461-7812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Lie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Patient Centered Heart and Lung Research, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences in Gj\u00f8vik, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Gj\u00f8vik, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121409070022000_13.12.e075190.1","unstructured":"World Health Organisation . 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