{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:35:28Z","timestamp":1787016928728,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,4]],"date-time":"2024-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704326400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is the most common neglected tropical disease, causing stigmatised skin lesions. It is an important public health concern, with 95% of cases occurring in low-income and middle-income countries. Despite its long-recognized endemicity and psychosocial impacts, it is largely overlooked.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n The main aim of this study is to investigate the magnitude and associated factors of CL in north-central Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design<\/jats:title>\n An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Setting<\/jats:title>\n The study was conducted in Nefas Mewcha Primary Hospital (NMPH), north-central Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Participants<\/jats:title>\n The study was conducted among 332 individuals visiting NMPH from June to July 2022.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Primary and secondary outcomes<\/jats:title>\n The primary outcome was to estimate the burden of CL among patients visiting NMPH, and the secondary outcome was to identify factors associated with the presence or absence of CL. The association between predictor variables and CL was assessed using a binary logistic regression model. Statistical significance was declared at a p _value of <0.05.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Result<\/jats:title>\n Out of the 332 study participants, 63 patients sought medical care with skin lesions, and 61 (18.37%, 95% CI: 14.5% to 22.9%) were patients with CL. Localized CL was the predominant type (86.9%). Male sex (adjusted OR (AOR): 4.51; 95% CI 1.94 to 10.45), older age (AOR 0.91, 95%\u2009CI: 0.87 to 0.94), secondary and tertiary educational status (AOR: 0.18, 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.6), poor knowledge of CL (AOR: 4.02, 95% CI: 1.81 to 9.76) and living with domestic animals (AOR: 5.29, 95%\u2009CI 3.24 to 7.5) were identified as predictors of CL.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n In the study area, the magnitude of CL was found to be high. Being male and young, having low educational status, having poor knowledge and living with domestic animals increase the risk of acquiring CL. As a result, increasing the knowledge of the community through scaling up of health education programmes and reducing activities that increase individuals\u2019 exposure to sandflies should be prioritised.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-075549","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T00:32:25Z","timestamp":1704846745000},"page":"e075549","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Magnitude and associated factors of cutaneous leishmaniasis among patients visiting Nefas Mewcha primary hospital, Northern Ethiopia, 2022: An institution-based Cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8438-785X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Berihun","family":"Bantie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"-Department of Comprhensive Nursing, College of Health science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gebrie","family":"Kassaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"-Department of Comprhensive Nursing, College of Health science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agmasie Tigabu","family":"Demelash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"-Department of Comprhensive Nursing, College of Health science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moges Wubneh","family":"Abate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"-Department of Comprhensive Nursing, College of Health science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adane Birhanu","family":"Nigat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"-Department of Comprhensive Nursing, College of Health science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0186-9627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abraham Tsedalu","family":"Amare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"-Department of Comprhensive Nursing, College of Health science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tekalign Amera","family":"Birlie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comprehensive Nursing, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Amhara, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0016-7620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheganew Fetene","family":"Tasew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency and Critical Care Nursing, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shegaw","family":"Zeleke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"-Department of Comprhensive Nursing, College of Health science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayalew","family":"Kassie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Bahir Dar Health Science College, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharie","family":"Tantigegn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Debre Markos University College of Health Science, Debre Markos, Amhara, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lidiya Anteneh","family":"Ambaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comprehensive Nursing, Debere Tabor University, Northwest, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5670-2752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed Nuru","family":"Muhamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Wolkite, SNNPR, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biruk Demissie","family":"Melese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121513402666000_14.1.e075549.1","unstructured":"World Health Organizations (WHO) . WHO Factsheet on Leishmaniasis. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/leishmaniasis [Accessed 16 Feb 2023]."},{"key":"2025121513402666000_14.1.e075549.2","unstructured":"World Health Organizzation(WHO) . The global health Observatory, Factsheet on Leshimaniasis. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/gho\/data\/themes\/topics\/topic-details\/GHO\/leishmaniasis [Accessed 16 Feb 2023]."},{"key":"2025121513402666000_14.1.e075549.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)00003-7"},{"key":"2025121513402666000_14.1.e075549.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227697","article-title":"Burden and risk factors of cutaneous Leishmaniasis in a peri-urban settlement in Kenya, 2016","volume":"15","author":"Ngere","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025121513402666000_14.1.e075549.5","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO), Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) . Key data on Leshimaniasis. 2017. Available: https:\/\/www.paho.org\/hq\/dmdocuments\/2017\/2017-cha-leishmaniasis-factsheet-work.pdf"},{"key":"2025121513402666000_14.1.e075549.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.16265","article-title":"Gashaw B: burden and risk factors of cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Ethiopia: a systematic review and Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"61","author":"Shita","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"2025121513402666000_14.1.e075549.7","unstructured":"Federal Minsitory of Health in Ethiopia (FMOH) . Guidelines for diagnosis,treatment and prevention of Leshimaniasis in Ethiopia. Available: https:\/\/www.afrikadia.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/VL_Guidelines_Ethiopia_2013.pdf [Accessed 22 Feb 2023]."},{"key":"2025121513402666000_14.1.e075549.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.917","article-title":"Dires T: determinants of cutaneous Leishmaniasis among students in Delanta district, northeast Ethiopia: A case\u2013control study","volume":"5","author":"Dires","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Sci Rep"},{"issue":"suppl_1","key":"2025121513402666000_14.1.e075549.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i53","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihv071","article-title":"Social stigma towards neglected tropical diseases: a systematic review","volume":"8 Suppl 1","author":"Hofstraat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int Health"},{"key":"2025121513402666000_14.1.e075549.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0408"},{"key":"2025121513402666000_14.1.e075549.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-017-0267-5","article-title":"Psychosocial impact of scars due to cutaneous Leishmaniasis on high school students in Errachidia province, Morocco","volume":"6","author":"Bennis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"2025121513402666000_14.1.e075549.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189906","article-title":"The mosquitoes that destroy your face\u201d. social impact of cutaneous Leishmaniasis in South-Eastern Morocco, A qualitative study","volume":"12","author":"Bennis","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025121513402666000_14.1.e075549.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223313","article-title":"The impact of Leishmaniasis on mental health and Psychosocial well-being: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Pires","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025121513402666000_14.1.e075549.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005739","article-title":"Molyneux DH: A new perspective on cutaneous Leishmaniasis\u2014implications for global prevalence and burden of disease estimates","volume":"11","author":"Bailey","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2025121513402666000_14.1.e075549.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2014.27","article-title":"Risk map for cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Ethiopia based on environmental factors as revealed by geographical information systems and Statistics","volume":"8","author":"Seid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geospat Health"},{"key":"2025121513402666000_14.1.e075549.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2018.177","article-title":"Emerging outbreaks associated with conflict and failing Healthcare systems in the Middle East","volume":"39","author":"Raad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025121513402666000_14.1.e075549.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2006.09.004"},{"key":"2025121513402666000_14.1.e075549.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008507","article-title":"Bayih AG: clinical, Parasitological and molecular profiles of cutaneous Leishmaniasis and its associated factors among clinically suspected patients attending Borumeda hospital, North-East Ethiopia","volume":"14","author":"Bisetegn","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2025121513402666000_14.1.e075549.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-020-00231-w","article-title":"Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in North-central Ethiopia: trend, clinical forms, geographic distribution, and determinants","volume":"48","author":"Eshetu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop Med Health"},{"key":"2025121513402666000_14.1.e075549.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007092","article-title":"Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and Co-morbid major depressive disorder: a systematic review with burden estimates","volume":"13","author":"Bailey","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2025121513402666000_14.1.e075549.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04122-1","article-title":"Socioeconomic, demographic and landscape factors associated with cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Kurunegala district, Sri Lanka","volume":"13","author":"Wijerathna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"2025121513402666000_14.1.e075549.22","unstructured":"Tizazu GZ , Zeleke MT . Food security status of rural households in lay Gayint Woreda of South Gondar zone. Amhara Region, Ethiopia, 2019."},{"key":"2025121513402666000_14.1.e075549.23","unstructured":"Demographics of lay Gayint Woreda. Available: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lay_Gayint [Accessed 4 Mar 2023]."},{"key":"2025121513402666000_14.1.e075549.24","unstructured":"Ethiopian Demgraphic health Survey (EDHS), The Demographic and Health Survey . The DHS Program ICF. Rockville, Maryland, USA, 2017. Available: https:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/pubs\/pdf\/FR328\/FR328.pdf"},{"key":"2025121513402666000_14.1.e075549.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4506-1","article-title":"Tshweneagae GT: cutaneous Leishmaniasis a neglected tropical disease: community knowledge, attitude and practices in an Endemic area, Northwest Ethiopia","volume":"19","author":"Tamiru","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025121513402666000_14.1.e075549.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8248916","article-title":"Prevalence of cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Western Highlands in Yemen","volume":"2019","author":"Alkulaibi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Trop Med"},{"key":"2025121513402666000_14.1.e075549.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.11648\/j.sjcm.20140306.13","article-title":"The current status of cutaneous Leishmaniasis and the pattern of lesions in Ochollo primary school students, Ochollo, Southwestern Ethiopia","volume":"3","author":"Bugssa","year":"2014","journal-title":"SJCM"},{"key":"2025121513402666000_14.1.e075549.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S401618","article-title":"Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: associated risk factors and prevention in Hubuna, Najran, Saudi Arabia","volume":"16","author":"Alzahrani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"key":"2025121513402666000_14.1.e075549.29","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Erbil, Iraq","volume":"8","author":"Agha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Polytechnic"},{"key":"2025121513402666000_14.1.e075549.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-2999-7","article-title":"Clinical and Epidemiological characteristics of cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka","volume":"18","author":"Iddawela","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025121513402666000_14.1.e075549.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-018-0103-z","article-title":"Risk factors for cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the Rainforest of Bolivia: a cross-sectional study","volume":"46","author":"Eid","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trop Med Health"},{"key":"2025121513402666000_14.1.e075549.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(22)00013-X","article-title":"The mental health consequences of war in northern Ethiopia: why we should be concerned","volume":"9","author":"Dadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025121513402666000_14.1.e075549.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007722","article-title":"Prevalence and environmental determinants of cutaneous Leishmaniasis in rural communities in Tigray, northern Ethiopia","volume":"13","author":"Yohannes","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2025121513402666000_14.1.e075549.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.11648\/j.cmr.20140306.16","article-title":"Magnitude and associated factors of cutaneous Leishmaniasis; in Mekelle city, Ayder referral hospital","volume":"3","author":"Tilahun","year":"2014","journal-title":"CMR"},{"key":"2025121513402666000_14.1.e075549.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-020-00383-6"},{"key":"2025121513402666000_14.1.e075549.36","unstructured":"Federal Ministry of Health in Ethiopia (FMOH) . Guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Leishmaniasis in Ethiopia. 2013. Available: https:\/\/www.afrikadia.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/VL_Guidelines_Ethiopia_2013.pdf"},{"key":"2025121513402666000_14.1.e075549.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8020128","article-title":"Distribution and risk of cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan","volume":"8","author":"Ullah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025121513402666000_14.1.e075549.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.18869\/acadpub.jnms.4.1.58","article-title":"Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: an Epidemiological survey in Iran during 2013-2015","volume":"4","author":"Nikouee","year":"2017","journal-title":"JNMS"},{"key":"2025121513402666000_14.1.e075549.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/27442","article-title":"Cutaneous Leishmaniasis outbreak investigation in Hajjah Governorate, Yemen, in 2018: case-control study","volume":"7","author":"Nassar","year":"2021","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill"},{"key":"2025121513402666000_14.1.e075549.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0758-9","article-title":"Epidemiological study of cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Saesie Tsaeda-Emba district, Eastern Tigray, northern Ethiopia","volume":"8","author":"Bsrat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"2025121513402666000_14.1.e075549.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004835","article-title":"Pediatric cutaneous Leishmaniasis in an Endemic region in Turkey: a retrospective analysis of 8786 cases during 1998-2014","volume":"10","author":"Aksoy","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2025121513402666000_14.1.e075549.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0784"},{"key":"2025121513402666000_14.1.e075549.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/ijtdh\/2022\/v43i730599","article-title":"Risk factors associated with Leishmaniasis among residents of rural Marigat sub-County, Baringo County-Kenya","volume":"43","author":"Philipo Gwandi","year":"2022","journal-title":"IJTDH"},{"key":"2025121513402666000_14.1.e075549.44","unstructured":"Center for Diease Control and prevention (CDC) . Leshimaniasis prevention and control Stratagy. Available: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/parasites\/leishmaniasis\/prevent.html [Accessed 3 May 2023]."},{"key":"2025121513402666000_14.1.e075549.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130929","article-title":"Sabir AM: A cross-sectional survey of knowledge, attitude and practices related to cutaneous Leishmaniasis and sand flies in Punjab, Pakistan","volume":"10","author":"Akram","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025121513402666000_14.1.e075549.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12418","article-title":"Preliminary survey of domestic animal visceral Leishmaniasis and risk factors in North\u2010West Ethiopia","volume":"20","author":"Kenubih","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"2025121513402666000_14.1.e075549.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2017.12.004","article-title":"Role of environmental, Climatic risk factors and livestock animals on the occurrence of cutaneous Leishmaniasis in newly emerging focus in Iran","volume":"11","author":"Ghatee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"2025121513402666000_14.1.e075549.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtm.2016.06.021"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-075549","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T21:40:39Z","timestamp":1765834839000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-075549"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-075549"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-075549","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}}}