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Nonetheless, lymphopenia poses an impediment to the enduring efficacy of PD-1\/PD-L1 inhibitor therapy. Adequate lymphocyte reserves are essential for the efficacy of immunotherapy. Coupling the PRaG regimen with immunomodulatory agents that augment the number and functionality of lymphocytes may yield further survival benefits in this cohort of patients.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness and safety of a meticulously thymalfasin-controlled PRaG regimen in patients with advanced and chemotherapy-resistant solid tumours.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n The study has a prospective, single-arm, open-label, multicentre design and aims to recruit up to 60 patients with histologically confirmed advanced solid tumours that have relapsed or metastasised. All eligible patients will receive a minimum of two cycles of the PRaG regimen comprising thymalfasin followed by maintenance treatment with a PD-1\/PD-L1 inhibitor and thymalfasin for 1 year or until disease progression. Patients will be monitored according to the predetermined protocol for a year or until disease progression after initiation of radiotherapy.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, on 25 November 2022 (JD-LK-2022-151-01) and all other participating hospitals. Findings will be disseminated through national and international conferences. We also plan to publish our findings in high-impact peer-reviewed journal.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n \n NCT05790447<\/jats:ext-link>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-075642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]],"date-time":"2024-03-08T21:55:18Z","timestamp":1709934918000},"page":"e075642","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of a precise thymalfasin-regulated PRaG regimen for advanced refractory solid tumours: protocol for the open-label, prospective, multicentre study (PRaG5.0 study)"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"14","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct05790447","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"given":"Yuehong","family":"Kong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Second 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