{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T18:39:56Z","timestamp":1793299196193,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698364800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"J.O. and J.R. Wicking Trust","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"name":"College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evidence suggests that the pathology underlying cognitive decline leading to dementia begins 15\u201320 years before cognitive symptoms emerge. Thus, identifying biomarkers in this preclinical phase is critically important. Age-related decrease in muscle mass and strength, a known risk factor for sarcopenia, frailty and cognitive decline, also affects the tongue. This paper describes an a priori protocol by a multidisciplinary team to address the following questions relating to adults \u226550 years of age: (1) What is the current evidence on the association of tongue strength with cognitive decline? (2) How does tongue strength associate with frailty and sarcopenia? (3) What is the association of tongue strength with nutritional health?<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Search terms will be identified then multiple electronic databases (PubMed, PsycINFO (Ovid), Scopus, Embase (Ovid), CINAHL and Web of Science) searched systematically for peer-reviewed articles published in English that address the following inclusion criteria: (1) human studies, (2) participants \u226550 years of age and (3) studies with tongue pressure values measured in relation to at least one of the following: frailty, sarcopenia, nutritional health, cognitive function and dementia (Alzheimer\u2019s, vascular, frontotemporal and Lewy body). Grey literature also will be searched to identify additional studies, clinical trials and policy papers appropriate for inclusion. The search will be from database inception. After removing duplicates, two research team members will independently screen abstracts and identify articles for full-text review. The team will use a data charting tool for data extraction. Data will be analysed quantitatively and qualitatively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The scoping review does not require ethics approval as data will be from publicly available sources. Results will be disseminated in workshops and conferences and a peer-reviewed journal paper.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-076005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,28]],"date-time":"2023-10-28T12:45:31Z","timestamp":1698497131000},"page":"e076005","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Current evidence on the association of tongue strength with cognitive decline in older adults and the known risk factors of frailty, sarcopenia and nutritional health: a scoping review protocol"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9823-9981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Getachew Yideg","family":"Yitbarek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia"},{"name":"Biomedical Sciences Department (Medical Physiology Unit), College of Medicine and Health Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5456-8676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jane","family":"Alty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia"},{"name":"Neurology Department, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1484-1113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine","family":"Lawler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia"},{"name":"School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8217-317X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lynette Ruth","family":"Goldberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121221030377000_13.10.e076005.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70228-4"},{"key":"2025121221030377000_13.10.e076005.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001774"},{"key":"2025121221030377000_13.10.e076005.3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Amyloid-beta misfolding and GFAP predict risk of clinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease diagnosis within 17 years","volume":"2022","author":"Beyer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"2025121221030377000_13.10.e076005.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30367-6"},{"key":"2025121221030377000_13.10.e076005.5","first-page":"655","article-title":"Gait speed and decline in gait speed as predictors of incident dementia","volume":"72","author":"Dumurgier","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"2025121221030377000_13.10.e076005.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/dad2.12353","article-title":"Combination of gait speed and grip strength to predict cognitive decline and dementia","volume":"14","author":"Orchard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement (Amst)"},{"key":"2025121221030377000_13.10.e076005.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2019.07.021","article-title":"Early detection of subtle motor dysfunction in cognitively normal subjects with Amyloid-\u0392 positivity","volume":"121","author":"Mollica","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2025121221030377000_13.10.e076005.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.684840","article-title":"Assessment of tongue strength in sarcopenia and sarcopenic dysphagia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"2025121221030377000_13.10.e076005.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1044\/2020_AJSLP-20-00158","article-title":"Syllabic diadochokinesis in adults with and without traumatic brain injury: severity, stability and speech considerations","volume":"30","author":"Solomon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Speech Lang Pathol"},{"key":"2025121221030377000_13.10.e076005.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laguarta J , Subirana B . 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