{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T13:57:13Z","timestamp":1794405433005,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694736000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) and Generalised Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD) are widely used screening tools, but their sensitivity and specificity in low-income and middle-income countries are lower than in high-income countries. We conducted a study to determine the sensitivity and specificity of different versions of these scales in a Peruvian hospital population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study has a cross-sectional design.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our participants are hospitalised patients in a Peruvian hospital. The gold standard was a clinical psychiatric interview following ICD-10 criteria for depression (F32.0, F32.1, F32.2 and F32.3) and anxiety (F41.0 and F41.1).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The sample included 1347 participants. A total of 334 participants (24.8%) were diagnosed with depression, and 28 participants (2.1%) were diagnosed with anxiety.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The PHQ-9\u2019s\u22657 cut-off point showed the highest simultaneous sensitivity and specificity when contrasted against a psychiatric diagnosis of depression. For a similar contrast against the gold standard, the other optimal cut-off points were: \u22657 for the PHQ-8 and \u22652 for the PHQ-2. In particular, the cut-off point \u22658 had good performance for GAD-7 with sensitivity and specificity, and cut-off point \u226510 had lower levels of sensitivity, but higher levels of specificity, compared with the cut-off point of \u22658. Also, we present the sensitivity and specificity values of each cut-off point in PHQ-9, PHQ-8, PHQ-2, GAD-7 and GAD-2. We confirmed the adequacy of a one-dimensional model for the PHQ-9, PHQ-8 and GAD-7, while all PHQ and GAD scales showed good reliability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The PHQ and GAD have adequate measurement properties in their different versions. We present specific cut-offs for each version.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-076193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T12:25:16Z","timestamp":1694780716000},"page":"e076193","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":98,"title":["Sensitivity and specificity of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9, PHQ-8, PHQ-2) and General Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7, GAD-2) for depression and anxiety diagnosis: a cross-sectional study in a Peruvian hospital population"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2222-4764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Villarreal-Zegarra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Medicina, Universidad C\u00e9sar Vallejo, Trujillo, Peru"},{"name":"Instituto Peruano de Orientaci\u00f3n Psicol\u00f3gica, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Barrera-Begazo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Peruano de Orientaci\u00f3n Psicol\u00f3gica, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharlyn","family":"Otaz\u00fa-Alfaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Peruano de Orientaci\u00f3n Psicol\u00f3gica, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikol","family":"Mayo-Puchoc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Peruano de Orientaci\u00f3n Psicol\u00f3gica, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Bazo-Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London (UCL), London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4525-9545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeff","family":"Huarcaya-Victoria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Profesional de Medicina Humana, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Ica, Peru"},{"name":"Unidad de Psiquiatr\u00eda de Enlace, Departamento de Psiquiatr\u00eda, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121422442768000_13.9.e076193.1","unstructured":"Global Health data Exchange (GHDx), Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). n.d. 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