{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T18:05:40Z","timestamp":1776276340019,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696896000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000867","name":"Commonwealth Scholarship Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000867","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D43TW011401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43TW011401"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018956","name":"NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BRC-1215-20014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BRC-1215-20014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018956","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003343","name":"Cambridge Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003343","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retinopathy is one of the complications occurring among women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. We sought to determine the prevalence and factors associated with retinopathy among women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in southwestern Uganda.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study from November 2019 to March 2020.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three selected hospitals in Mbarara city, south-western Uganda.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study included all pregnant women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary and secondary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The participants were screened for retinopathy using a fundus camera. Data on participant\u2019s sociodemographics, obstetrics and medical factors were collected. The prevalence of retinopathy was determined and multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the independent factors associated with retinopathy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 216\u2009women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy were enrolled in this study. The prevalence of retinopathy was 60.2% (130\/216). The most common retinal lesions were grade 1 retinopathy (narrowing of arterioles) accounting for 86.9% (113\/130), grade 3 (retinal haemorrhages) was present in 10% (13\/130) of women and grade 4 (papilloedema) in 3% (4\/130). In an adjusted analysis, severe hypertension was significantly associated with retinopathy (aOR=2.8; 95% CI: 1.36 to 5.68). Grandmultigravida women were also associated with retinopathy (aOR=2.4; 95% CI: 0.99 to 5.72) with a tendency towards significancy, p=0.051.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In our study, retinopathy was common among women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Women presenting with severe hypertension were likely to have retinopathy. There is a need to integrate screening for retinopathy in the care cascade of women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-076365","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T12:55:49Z","timestamp":1696942549000},"page":"e076365","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Retinopathy among women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy attending hospitals in Mbarara city, south-western Uganda: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ibrahimu","family":"Zamaladi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Ruvuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmel M","family":"Mceniery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teddy","family":"Kwaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian B","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Atwine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, Soar Research Foundation, Mbarara, Uganda"},{"name":"Department of Community Health, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8177-8786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henry Mark","family":"Lugobe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121401232273000_13.10.e076365.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2012.08.001"},{"key":"2025121401232273000_13.10.e076365.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.14260\/jemds\/2016\/503","article-title":"Fundus changes in preeclampsia","volume":"5","author":"Krishnakumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Jemds"},{"key":"2025121401232273000_13.10.e076365.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.7869\/djo.144","article-title":"Ocular manifestations of pregnancy induced hypertension","volume":"26","author":"Bakhda","year":"2015","journal-title":"DJO"},{"key":"2025121401232273000_13.10.e076365.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.3329\/jdmc.v28i1.45763","article-title":"Ocular fundus changes in pregnancy induced hypertension","volume":"28","author":"Khanom","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Dhaka Med Coll"},{"key":"2025121401232273000_13.10.e076365.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(01)01430-1"},{"key":"2025121401232273000_13.10.e076365.6","first-page":"147","article-title":"Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in Jimma University specialized hospital","volume":"21","author":"Wolde","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ethiop J Health Sci"},{"key":"2025121401232273000_13.10.e076365.7","unstructured":"Azubuike S , Danjuma I . 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