{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T09:20:48Z","timestamp":1765876848689,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,30]],"date-time":"2023-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703894400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":29,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funding support for publication has been provided by the NHMRC CRE in Digital Technology to Transform Chronic Disease Outcomes"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in children is critical to prevent deterioration to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a state where the body\u2019s insulin levels are critically low resulting in the use of fat for fuel and the accumulation of ketones. DKA is a life-threatening emergency where dehydration and cerebral oedema can quickly develop and lead to death. Despite treatment, DKA also has harmful impacts on cognition and brain development. Most children admitted to a hospital with DKA see their general practitioner in the week leading up to their admission. A delay in referral from general practice can result in delays in commencing lifesaving insulin therapy. Prior systematic reviews have explored publicity campaign interventions aimed at recognising type 1 diabetes earlier; however, no reviews have explored these interventions targeted at reducing the delay after presentation to the general practitioner. This systematic review aims to summarise interventions that target the diagnostic delay emerging from general practice and to evaluate their effectiveness in reducing DKA admissions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Six databases (Ovid (MEDLINE), Web of Science, EMBASE, CINAHL, Evidence-Based Medicine Reviews (EBMR) and Google Scholar) will be searched to identify studies exploring interventions to reduce diagnostic delay in children with type 1 diabetes, and hence DKA, in general practice. The primary outcome will be the number of DKA admissions to a hospital following a delay in general practice. The secondary outcome will be the behaviour of general practitioners with respect to urgent referral of children with type 1 diabetes. Title, abstract and full-text screening for exclusion and inclusion of publications will be completed by two independent reviewers. Any risks of bias within individual studies will be assessed by two independent reviewers, using the Risk Of Bias In Non-Randomized Studies of Interventions tool. Our confidence in the overall body of evidence will be assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The systematic review will be disseminated via publication and potentially in conference presentations. Ethics is not required for a systematic review of secondary data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PROSPERO registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CRD42023412504<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-076459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,30]],"date-time":"2023-12-30T08:51:08Z","timestamp":1703926268000},"page":"e076459","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Have interventions aimed at assisting general practitioners in facilitating earlier diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in children been successful? A systematic review protocol"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0497-8432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Beccia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Practice and Primary Care, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1268-3166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Practice and Primary Care, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vesna","family":"Birkic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MDHS Library, University of Melbourne Brownless Biomedical Library, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"Health Services Research Unit, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2153-3482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo-Anne","family":"Manski-Nankervis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Practice and Primary Care, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121601170989000_13.12.e076459.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2022.3586","article-title":"Factors associated with diabetic Ketoacidosis at onset of type 1 diabetes among pediatric patients: A systematic review","volume":"176","author":"Rugg-Gunn","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"2025121601170989000_13.12.e076459.2","unstructured":"EL-Mohandes N YG , Bhutta BS , et al . 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