{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T05:47:42Z","timestamp":1779342462409,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698710400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":30,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"COVID-Immunity Task Force"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"CIHR","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["175622"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["175622"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"CIHR","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["424425"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["424425"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"CIHR","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["476885"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["476885"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Coronavirus Variants Rapid Response Network","award":["156941"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["156941"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008572","name":"University of Ottawa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008572","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CGS"},{"name":"National Research Council of Canada's Pandemic Response Challenge Program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Predictors of COVID-19 vaccine immunogenicity and the influence of prior severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection require elucidation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Stop the Spread Ottawa is a prospective cohort of individuals at-risk for or who have been infected with SARS-CoV-2, initially enrolled for 10 months beginning October 2020. This cohort was enriched for public-facing workers. This analysis focuses on safety and immunogenicity of the initial two doses of COVID-19 vaccine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Post-vaccination data with blood specimens were available for 930 participants. 22.8% were SARS-CoV2 infected prior to the first vaccine dose. Cohort characteristics include: median age 44 (IQR: 22\u201356), 66.6% women, 89.0% white, 83.2% employed. 38.1% reported two or more comorbidities and 30.8% reported immune compromising condition(s). Over 95% had detectable IgG levels against the spike and receptor binding domain (RBD) 3 months post second vaccine dose. By multivariable analysis, increasing age and high-level immune compromise predicted diminishing IgG spike and RBD titres at month 3 post second dose. IgG spike and RBD titres were higher immediately post vaccination in those with SARS-CoV-2 infection prior to first vaccination and spike titres were higher at 6 months in those with wider time intervals between dose 1 and 2. IgG spike and RBD titres and neutralisation were generally similar by sex, weight and whether receiving homogeneous or heterogeneous combinations of vaccines. Common symptoms post dose 1 vaccine included fatigue (64.7%), injection site pain (47.5%), headache (27.2%), fever\/chills (26.2%) and body aches (25.3%). These symptoms were similar with subsequent doses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The initial two COVID-19 vaccine doses are safe, well-tolerated and highly immunogenic across a broad spectrum of vaccine recipients including those working in public facing environments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-077714","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T13:58:44Z","timestamp":1698760724000},"page":"e077714","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Results of the Stop the Spread Ottawa (SSO) cohort study: a Canadian urban-based prospective evaluation of antibody responses and neutralisation efficiency to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Alexa","family":"Keeshan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yannick","family":"Galipeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aliisa","family":"Heiskanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4209-1786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erin","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pauline S","family":"McCluskie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Corey","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raphael","family":"Saginur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Booth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5026-5531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julian","family":"Little","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michaeline","family":"McGuinty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C Arianne","family":"Buchan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anglea","family":"Crawley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Coronavirus Variants Rapid Response Network, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc-Andre","family":"Langlois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coronavirus Variants Rapid Response Network, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3368-3499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Curtis","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Coronavirus Variants Rapid Response Network, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa,Canada, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121512145478000_13.10.e077714.1","article-title":"Immunity after COVID-19 vaccination in people with higher risk of compromised immune status: a Scoping review","volume":"8","author":"Kreuzberger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2025121512145478000_13.10.e077714.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965971","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.965971","article-title":"Efficacy, Immunogenicity and safety of COVID-19 vaccines in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2025121512145478000_13.10.e077714.3","unstructured":"National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) . Archived: guidance on the Prioritization of initial doses of COVID-19 Vaccine(S). 2020. Available: https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/public-health\/services\/immunization\/national-advisory-committee-on-immunization-naci\/guidance-prioritization-initial-doses-covid-19-vaccines.html#shr-pg0"},{"key":"2025121512145478000_13.10.e077714.4","unstructured":"National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI . Archived 5: NACI rapid response: Extended dose intervals for COVID-19 vaccines to optimize early vaccine rollout and population protection in Canada, . 2021 Available: https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/public-health\/services\/immunization\/national-advisory-committee-on-immunization-naci\/rapid-response-extended-dose-intervals-covid-19-vaccines-early-rollout-population-protection.html"},{"key":"2025121512145478000_13.10.e077714.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034577"},{"key":"2025121512145478000_13.10.e077714.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-022-00935-x","article-title":"Duration of immunity following full vaccination against SARS-Cov-2: a systematic review","volume":"80","author":"Addo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Public Health"},{"key":"2025121512145478000_13.10.e077714.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-069741","article-title":"Covid-19 vaccination in pregnancy","volume":"378","author":"Badell","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025121512145478000_13.10.e077714.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-062187","article-title":"Cohort profile: stop the spread Ottawa (SSO)-A community-based prospective cohort study on antibody responses, antibody Neutralisation efficiency and cellular immunity to SARS-Cov-2 infection and vaccination","volume":"12","author":"Collins","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2025121512145478000_13.10.e077714.9","unstructured":"Division of Population Health - National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Alcohol use and your health: U.S Department of health & human services. 2022. Available: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/alcohol\/fact-sheets\/alcohol-use.htm"},{"key":"2025121512145478000_13.10.e077714.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.1380","article-title":"A Scalable Serology solution for profiling humoral immune responses to SARS-Cov-2 infection and vaccination","volume":"11","author":"Colwill","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Transl Immunology"},{"key":"2025121512145478000_13.10.e077714.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00788-21","article-title":"Identification of a high-frequency Intrahost SARS-Cov-2 spike variant with enhanced cytopathic and Fusogenic effects","volume":"12","author":"Rocheleau","year":"2021","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"2025121512145478000_13.10.e077714.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7011e2","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine second-dose completion and interval between first and second doses among vaccinated persons \u2014 united states, december 14, 2020\u2212february 14, 2021","volume":"70","author":"Kriss","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2025121512145478000_13.10.e077714.13","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) . Safety of COVID-19 vaccines. 2023. Available: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/vaccines\/safety\/safety-of-vaccines.html"},{"key":"2025121512145478000_13.10.e077714.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab592","article-title":"Reduced magnitude and durability of humoral immune responses to COVID-19 mRNA vaccines among older adults","volume":"225","author":"Brockman","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025121512145478000_13.10.e077714.15","unstructured":"Government of Canada . COVID-19 vaccine: Canadian immunization guide (for health professionals). 2022. Available: https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/public-health\/services\/publications\/healthy-living\/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines\/page-26-covid-19-vaccine.html#a6.4.considerations"},{"key":"2025121512145478000_13.10.e077714.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.892277","article-title":"Effectiveness and durability of mRNA vaccine-induced SARS-Cov-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in severe asthma patients on biological therapy","volume":"13","author":"Podrazil","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2025121512145478000_13.10.e077714.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2021.12.005","article-title":"Durability of immune responses to the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine","volume":"3","author":"Suthar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"2025121512145478000_13.10.e077714.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07859-5","article-title":"Risk factors for severe COVID-19 breakthrough infections: an observational longitudinal study","volume":"22","author":"Ben Fredj","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025121512145478000_13.10.e077714.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2019.19.e37","article-title":"Aging and the immune system: the impact of Immunosenescence on viral infection","volume":"19","author":"Oh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity and Vaccine Immunogenicity Immune Netw"},{"key":"2025121512145478000_13.10.e077714.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v14112438","article-title":"Enhancing Immunogenicity of influenza vaccine in the elderly through intradermal vaccination: A literature analysis","volume":"14","author":"Quach","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2025121512145478000_13.10.e077714.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247461","article-title":"Population risk factors for severe disease and mortality in COVID-19: A global systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Booth","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025121512145478000_13.10.e077714.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-022-00648-5","article-title":"Immunogenicity of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines in immunocompromised patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Mehrabi Nejad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"2025121512145478000_13.10.e077714.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-022-00648-2","article-title":"Immune response to COVID-19 and mRNA vaccination in immunocompromised individuals: A narrative review","volume":"11","author":"Napuri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect Dis Ther"},{"key":"2025121512145478000_13.10.e077714.24","unstructured":"National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) . Interim guidance on planning considerations for a fall 2022 COVID-19 vaccine booster program in Canada. Ottawa: Government of Canada, 2022."},{"key":"2025121512145478000_13.10.e077714.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n162","article-title":"Covid-19: assess the effects of extending Pfizer vaccine dosing interval, expert URGES","volume":"372","author":"Mahase","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025121512145478000_13.10.e077714.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.22898","article-title":"Antibody response and variant cross-neutralization after SARS-Cov-2 breakthrough infection","volume":"327","author":"Bates","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2025121512145478000_13.10.e077714.27","unstructured":"Public Health Agency of Canada . Evidence Brief on Protective Immunity Post Infection with Omicron: Government of Canada, . 2022 Available: https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/public-health\/services\/diseases\/2019-novel-coronavirus-infection\/canadas-reponse\/summaries-recent-evidence\/protective-immunity-post-infection-omicron.html"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-077714","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T20:15:10Z","timestamp":1765829710000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-077714"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-077714"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-077714","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}}}