{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T22:45:27Z","timestamp":1793054727419,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]],"date-time":"2023-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703721600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":27,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Internet of Things and People (IOTAP) research center","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005934","name":"Malm\u00f6 University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005934","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016413","name":"Mats Paulssons Stiftelse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016413","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The clinical assessment of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) symptoms can present reliability issues and, with visits typically spaced apart 6 months, can hardly capture their frequent variability. Smartphones and smartwatches along with signal processing and machine learning can facilitate frequent, remote, reliable and objective assessments of PD from patients\u2019 homes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To investigate the feasibility, compliance and user experience of passively and actively measuring symptoms from home environments using data from sensors embedded in smartphones and a wrist-wearable device.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In an ongoing clinical feasibility study, participants with a confirmed PD diagnosis are being recruited. Participants perform activity tests, including Timed Up and Go (TUG), tremor, finger tapping, drawing and vocalisation, once a week for 2\u2009months using the Mobistudy smartphone app in their homes. Concurrently, participants wear the GENEActiv wrist device for 28 days to measure actigraphy continuously. In addition to using sensors, participants complete the Beck\u2019s Depression Inventory, Non-Motor Symptoms Questionnaire (NMSQuest) and Parkinson\u2019s Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-8) questionnaires at baseline, at 1 month and at the end of the study. Sleep disorders are assessed through the Parkinson\u2019s Disease Sleep Scale-2 questionnaire (weekly) and a custom sleep quality daily questionnaire. User experience questionnaires, Technology Acceptance Model and User Version of the Mobile Application Rating Scale, are delivered at 1 month. Clinical assessment (Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS)) is performed at enrollment and the 2-month follow-up visit. During visits, a TUG test is performed using the smartphone and the G-Walk motion sensor as reference device. Signal processing and machine learning techniques will be employed to analyse the data collected from Mobistudy app and the GENEActiv and correlate them with the MDS-UPDRS. Compliance and user aspects will be informing the long-term feasibility.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The study received ethical approval by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (Etikpr\u00f6vningsmyndigheten), with application number 2022-02885-01. Results will be reported in peer-reviewed journals and conferences. Results will be shared with the study participants.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-077766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]],"date-time":"2023-12-28T12:15:48Z","timestamp":1703765748000},"page":"e077766","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Quantifying Parkinson\u2019s disease severity using mobile wearable devices and machine learning: the ParkApp pilot study protocol"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7102-083X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gent","family":"Ymeri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Media Technology (DVMT), Malm\u00f6 University, Malm\u00f6, Sweden"},{"name":"Internet of Things and People Research Center (IOTAP), Malm\u00f6 University, Malm\u00f6, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"Salvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Media Technology (DVMT), Malm\u00f6 University, Malm\u00f6, Sweden"},{"name":"Internet of Things and People Research Center (IOTAP), Malm\u00f6 University, Malm\u00f6, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl Magnus","family":"Olsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Media Technology (DVMT), Malm\u00f6 University, Malm\u00f6, Sweden"},{"name":"Internet of Things and People Research Center (IOTAP), Malm\u00f6 University, Malm\u00f6, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myrthe Vivianne","family":"Wassenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Center for Neurology, Academic Specialist Center Torsplan, Region Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athanasios","family":"Tsanas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Usher Institute, Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"},{"name":"Alan Turing Institute, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per","family":"Svenningsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Center for Neurology, Academic Specialist Center Torsplan, Region Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101812295152000_13.12.e077766.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization . 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