{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T10:47:46Z","timestamp":1776336466264,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716854400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":27,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010711","name":"Sy\u00f6p\u00e4s\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003125","name":"Suomen Kulttuurirahasto","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008415","name":"Diabetesliitto","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008415","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"H2020 European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["742927"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["742927"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022340","name":"Suomen kliinisen kemian yhdistys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022340","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004325","name":"Signe ja Ane Gyllenbergin S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004325","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005633","name":"Syd\u00e4ntutkimuss\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Research Council of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["356405, 322098, 286284, 134309 (Eye), 126925, 1215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["356405, 322098, 286284, 134309 (Eye), 126925, 1215"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010114","name":"Yrj\u00f6 Jahnssonin S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010114","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The Sigrid Juselius Foundation","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"name":"Tampere University Hospital Supporting Foundation","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["755320, 848146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["755320, 848146"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006706","name":"Tampereen Tuberkuloosis\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006706","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004756","name":"Emil Aaltosen S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004756","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004037","name":"Juho Vainion S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004037","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Tampere and Turku University Hospitals","award":["X51001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["X51001"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008484","name":"Paavo Nurmen S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008484","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002327","name":"Kela","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002327","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["208205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["208205"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adolescence is a sensitive period for cardiometabolic health. Yet, it remains unknown if adolescent health behaviours, such as alcohol use, smoking, diet and physical activity, have differential effects across socioeconomic strata. Adopting a life-course perspective and a causal inference framework, we aim to assess whether the effects of adolescent health behaviours on adult cardiometabolic health differ by levels of neighbourhood deprivation, parental education and occupational class. Gaining a better understanding of these social disparities in susceptibility to health behaviours can inform policy initiatives that aim to improve population health and reduce socioeconomic inequalities in cardiometabolic health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We will conduct a secondary analysis of the Young Finns Study, which is a longitudinal population-based cohort study. We will use measures of health behaviours\u2014smoking, alcohol use, fruit and vegetable consumption, and physical activity\u2014as exposure and parental education, occupational class and neighbourhood deprivation as effect modifiers during adolescence (ages 12\u201318 years). Eight biomarkers of cardiometabolic health (outcomes)\u2014waist circumference, body mass index, blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, plasma glucose and insulin resistance\u2014will be measured when participants were aged 33\u201340. A descriptive analysis will investigate the clustering of health behaviours. Informed by this, we will conduct a causal analysis to estimate effects of single or clustered adolescent health behaviours on cardiometabolic health conditional on socioeconomic background. This analysis will be based on a causal model implemented via a directed acyclic graph and inverse probability-weighted marginal structural models to estimate effect modification.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Young Finns study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and the protocol was approved by ethics committees of University of Helsinki, Kuopio, Oulu, Tampere and Turku. We will disseminate findings at international conferences and a manuscript in an open-access peer-reviewed journal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-078428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T23:06:38Z","timestamp":1716937598000},"page":"e078428","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Does the effect of adolescent health behaviours on adult cardiometabolic health differ by socioeconomic background? Protocol for a population-based cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5958-2303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josephine","family":"Jackisch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Laboratory (#PopHealthLab), University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nazihah","family":"Noor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Laboratory (#PopHealthLab), University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland"},{"name":"Swiss School of Public Health (SSPH+), Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olli T","family":"Raitakari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Population Health Research & Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, TYKS Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Terho","family":"Lehtim\u00e4ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mika","family":"K\u00e4h\u00f6nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland"},{"name":"Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Cullati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Laboratory (#PopHealthLab), University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland"},{"name":"Swiss School of Public Health (SSPH+), Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Quality of Care Service, University of Geneva, Geneve, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cyrille","family":"Delpierre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERPOP, UMR1295, Inserm, Toulouse III University-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mika","family":"Kivim\u00e4ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK"},{"name":"Clinicum, University of Helsinki Faculty of Medicine, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Carmeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Laboratory (#PopHealthLab), University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland"},{"name":"Swiss School of Public Health (SSPH+), Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.010"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.049122"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1012848"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.090"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2227-y","article-title":"Socioeconomic inequalities in non-communicable diseases and their risk factors: an overview of systematic reviews","volume":"15","author":"Sommer","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.029652"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.05.003"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192703"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.111.964726"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.122.026173","article-title":"Adolescent psychological assets and Cardiometabolic health maintenance in adulthood: implications for health equity","volume":"12","author":"Qureshi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diderichsen F , Evans T , Whitehead M . The social basis of disparities in health. In: Challenging Inequities in Health: From Ethics to Action. 2001: 12\u201323.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195137408.003.0002"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2018.01.088","article-title":"Childhood socioeconomic status and lifetime health behaviors: the young Finns study","volume":"258","author":"Puolakka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000080"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e324","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30052-9","article-title":"The role of alcohol use and drinking patterns in socioeconomic inequalities in mortality: a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Probst","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.18708.2","article-title":"The influence of socioeconomic status on the association between unhealthy Lifestyle factors and adverse health outcomes: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Foster","year":"2023","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494810395989"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117543","article-title":"Clustering of risk habits in young adults: the cardiovascular risk in young Finns study","volume":"142","author":"Raitakari","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3373-6","article-title":"A systematic review on the clustering and Co-occurrence of multiple risk Behaviours","volume":"16","author":"Meader","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.02.009","article-title":"The stability of health-related behaviour clustering during mid-adulthood and the influence of social circumstances on health-related behaviour change","volume":"121","author":"Mawditt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20051418"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.3109\/17477160903111763","article-title":"Tracking of Cardiometabolic risk factor clustering from childhood to adulthood","volume":"5","author":"Camhi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Obes"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002214650504600105"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.23","unstructured":"Bourdieu P , Passeron J-C . Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture. 2nd edn. London, Newbury Park, New Delhi: Sage Publication LTD, 1978:288."},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000271626837700115"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2015.05.002","article-title":"Social determinants and health behaviors: conceptual frames and empirical advances","volume":"5","author":"Short","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychol"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy167"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2007.114777"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.012809.102529"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1757975910365232"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Broadbent A , Venkatapuram S . The routledge handbook of philosophy of public health . 15 Measuring Social Position in Health Inequality Research. London: The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Public Health . Taylor and Francis Inc, 2022:223\u201339.Available: https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/9781315675411","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315675411-19"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.6.e83","article-title":"Determinants of adolescent physical activity and inactivity patterns","volume":"105","author":"Gordon-Larsen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e365","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(18)30111-7","article-title":"Neighbourhood socioeconomic disadvantage, risk factors, and diabetes from childhood to middle age in the young Finns study: a cohort study","volume":"3","author":"Kivim\u00e4ki","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-14727-z","article-title":"Perceptions of friendship, peers and influence on adolescent smoking according to tobacco control context: a systematic review and meta-Ethnography of qualitative research","volume":"23","author":"Littlecott","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.5539\/gjhs.v4n2p26","article-title":"How can peer group influence the behavior of adolescents: explanatory model","volume":"4","author":"Tom\u00e9","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glob J Health Sci"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu107"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304337"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cku174"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.38","unstructured":"Finland | World Obesity Federation Global Obesity Observatory, Available: https:\/\/data.worldobesity.org\/country\/finland-70\/#data_trends"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.39","unstructured":"WHO . Invisible Numbers - The True Extent of Noncommunicable Diseases and What to Do about Them. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2022. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/noncommunicable-diseases\/invisible-numbers"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00128-2"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-11-1"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000641","article-title":"Outcome-wide epidemiology","volume":"28","author":"VanderWeele","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.21042"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/mgg3.1186","article-title":"Waist circumference increases risk of coronary heart disease: evidence from a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molec Gen &Amp; Gen Med"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-01924-7"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11911-8"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/hypertensionaha.120.16534"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.16138"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67394-1"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60367-5"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaa216"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052036","article-title":"Insulin resistance and risk of incident cardiovascular events in adults without diabetes: meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Gast","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.53","first-page":"1449","article-title":"Insulin resistance is a cardiovascular risk factor in humans","volume":"13","author":"Adeva-Andany","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diab Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2020-001217","article-title":"Causal associations of insulin resistance with coronary artery disease and ischemic stroke: a Mendelian randomization analysis","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.55","unstructured":"WHO . WHO Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2020:1\u2013582.Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240015128"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.56","unstructured":"WHO . Guideline: Implementing Effective Actions for Improving Adolescent Nutrition. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2018. Available: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/260297"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym225"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890009011764","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk factors of young adults in relation to parental socioeconomic status: the cardiovascular risk in young Finns study","volume":"32","author":"Leino","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2018.1469993","article-title":"Inverse probability weighted estimation of risk under representative interventions in observational studies","volume":"114","author":"Young","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Westreich D . Epidemiology by design. In: Epidemiology by Design: A Causal Approach to the Health Sciences. Oxford Univ Press 2019 Available: https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/book\/32358","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780190665760.001.0001"},{"key":"2025121223472400000_14.5.e078428.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e576","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(18)30200-7","article-title":"The effect of socioeconomic deprivation on the association between an extended measurement of unhealthy Lifestyle factors and health outcomes: a prospective analysis of the UK Biobank cohort","volume":"3","author":"Foster","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-078428","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T07:47:38Z","timestamp":1765612058000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-078428"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-078428"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-078428","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}}}