{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T20:57:02Z","timestamp":1793307422097,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717372800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["312601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["312601"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"Natural Environment Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NE\/T013613\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/T013613\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006636","name":"Forskningsr\u00e5det om H\u00e4lsa, Arbetsliv och V\u00e4lf\u00e4rd","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019-01570"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-01570"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006636","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Despite global efforts to improve maternal health and healthcare, women throughout the world endure poor health during pregnancy. Extreme weather events (EWE) disrupt infrastructure and access to medical services, however little is known about their impact on the health of women during pregnancy in resource-poor settings.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This review aims to examine the current literature on the impact of EWE on maternal health to identify the pathways between EWE and maternal health in low-income and middle-income countries to identify gaps.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Eligibility criteria<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Studies were eligible for inclusion if they were published before 15 December 2022 and the population of the studies included pregnant and postpartum women (defined at up to 6 weeks postpartum) who were living in low-income and middle-income countries. The exposure of the included study must be related to EWE and the result to maternal health outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Sources of evidence<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We searched the literature using five databases, Medline, Global Health, Embase, Web of Science and CINAHL in December 2022. We assessed the results using predetermined criteria that defined the scope of the population, exposures and outcomes. In total, 15 studies were included.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Charting methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We identified studies that fit the criteria and extracted key themes. We extracted population demographics and sampling methodologies, assessed the quality of the studies and conducted a narrative synthesis to summarise the key findings.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria. The quantitative studies (n=4) and qualitative (n=11) demonstrated an association between EWE and malnutrition, mental health, mortality and access to maternal health services.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>EWE negatively impact maternal health through various mechanisms including access to services, stress and mortality. The results have demonstrated concerning effects, but there is also limited evidence surrounding these broad topics in low-resource settings. Research is necessary to determine the mechanisms by which EWE affect maternal health.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>PROSPERO registration number<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>CRD42022352915.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-079361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T12:19:52Z","timestamp":1717417192000},"page":"e079361","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Extreme weather events and maternal health in low-income and middle-income countries: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8825-8115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Pappas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sari","family":"Kovats","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5827-343X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meghna","family":"Ranganathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101812484311000_14.6.e079361.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Maternal health [Internet]. n.d. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/maternal-health#tab=tab_1"},{"key":"2025101812484311000_14.6.e079361.2","unstructured":"United Nations . Goal 3: ensure healthy lives and promote well being for all at all ages. 2015. Available: https:\/\/sdgs.un.org\/goals\/goal3"},{"key":"2025101812484311000_14.6.e079361.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1111\/disa.12256","article-title":"Flooding: what is the impact on pregnancy and child health","volume":"42","author":"Mallett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Disasters"},{"key":"2025101812484311000_14.6.e079361.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2020.8882"},{"key":"2025101812484311000_14.6.e079361.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) . Climate change 2022: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Cambridge, UK: Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change, 2023:3068.","DOI":"10.1017\/9781009325844"},{"key":"2025101812484311000_14.6.e079361.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14080853","article-title":"Heat exposure and maternal health in the face of climate change","volume":"14","author":"Kuehn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2025101812484311000_14.6.e079361.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjog.2021.11.005","article-title":"The impact of flood on pregnancy outcomes: a review article","volume":"61","author":"Partash","year":"2022","journal-title":"Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2025101812484311000_14.6.e079361.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19042412","article-title":"Extreme heat and pregnancy outcomes: a scoping review of the epidemiological evidence","volume":"19","author":"Syed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2025101812484311000_14.6.e079361.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change (IPCC) . The Ocean and cryosphere in a changing climate: special report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. 1st edn. Cambridge University Press, 2022. Available: https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/9781009157964\/type\/book","DOI":"10.1017\/9781009157964"},{"key":"2025101812484311000_14.6.e079361.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025101812484311000_14.6.e079361.11","unstructured":"The World Bank . World Bank country and lending groups. 2022. Available: https:\/\/datahelpdesk.worldbank.org\/knowledgebase\/articles\/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups"},{"key":"2025101812484311000_14.6.e079361.12","unstructured":"Cochrane EPOC . EPOC LMIC filters 2020. 2020. Available: https:\/\/epoc.cochrane.org\/lmic-filters"},{"key":"2025101812484311000_14.6.e079361.13","unstructured":"UNICEF . Maternal nutrition. n.d. Available: https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/nutrition\/maternal"},{"key":"2025101812484311000_14.6.e079361.14","unstructured":"Critical Appraisal Skills Programme . CASP qualitative studies checklist. 2022. Available: https:\/\/casp-uk.b-cdn.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/CASP-Qualitative-Checklist-2018_fillable_form.pdf"},{"key":"2025101812484311000_14.6.e079361.15","unstructured":"Critical Appraisal Skills Programme . CASP cohort study checklist. 2022. Available: https:\/\/casp-uk.b-cdn.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/CASP-Cohort-Study-Checklist-2018_fillable_form.pdf"},{"key":"2025101812484311000_14.6.e079361.16","unstructured":"Critical Appraisal Skills Programme . CASP case control study checklist. 2022. Available: https:\/\/casp-uk.b-cdn.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/CASP-Case-Control-Study-Checklist-2018_fillable_form.pdf"},{"key":"2025101812484311000_14.6.e079361.17","unstructured":"The Joanna Briggs Institute . Checklist for analytical cross sectional studies. 2022. Available: https:\/\/jbi.global\/critical-appraisal-tools"},{"key":"2025101812484311000_14.6.e079361.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16234594","article-title":"Effects of climate change and maternal morality: perspective from case studies in the rural area of Bangladesh","volume":"16","author":"Abdullah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2025101812484311000_14.6.e079361.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2013.08.009"},{"key":"2025101812484311000_14.6.e079361.20","unstructured":"Ferdowsy S , Rios-Mendez M , Saha M , et al . Final evaluation: flood 2019, cyclone Amphan and flood 2020 operations. Bangladesh Red Crescent Society 2022."},{"key":"2025101812484311000_14.6.e079361.21","article-title":"Rural women\u2019s experience of living and giving birth in relief camps in Pakistan","volume":"9","author":"Maheen","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Curr"},{"key":"2025101812484311000_14.6.e079361.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-017-0327-0","article-title":"Barriers to utilisation of antenatal care services in South Sudan: a qualitative study in Rumbek North County","volume":"14","author":"Wilunda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"2025101812484311000_14.6.e079361.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2019-002272","article-title":"Staying afloat: community perspectives on health system resilience in the management of pregnancy and childbirth care during floods in Cambodia","volume":"5","author":"Saulnier","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"2025101812484311000_14.6.e079361.24","article-title":"The impact of natural disasters on maternal health: hurricanes Irma and Mar\u00eda in Puerto Rico","volume":"9","author":"Lafarga Previdi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"2025101812484311000_14.6.e079361.25","article-title":"Immediate needs and concerns among pregnant women during and after Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda)","volume":"8","author":"Sato","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Curr"},{"key":"2025101812484311000_14.6.e079361.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18168541","article-title":"Pregnant women\u2019s experiences during hurricane Maria: impact, personal meaning, and health care needs","volume":"18","author":"Silva-Suarez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2025101812484311000_14.6.e079361.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.104823","article-title":"Migrant motherhood: maternal and child health care utilization of forced migrants in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India","volume":"110","author":"Pardhi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"key":"2025101812484311000_14.6.e079361.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247198","article-title":"Seasonality, climate change, and food security during pregnancy among indigenous and non-indigenous women in rural uganda: implications for maternal-infant health","volume":"16","author":"Bryson","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"2025101812484311000_14.6.e079361.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-020-02917-3"},{"key":"2025101812484311000_14.6.e079361.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12942-016-0074-4","article-title":"Seasonal variation in geographical access to maternal health services in regions of Southern Mozambique","volume":"16","author":"Makanga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"key":"2025101812484311000_14.6.e079361.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.112819"},{"key":"2025101812484311000_14.6.e079361.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s11111-022-00410-3","article-title":"Floods and maternal healthcare utilisation in Bangladesh","volume":"44","author":"Orderud","year":"2022","journal-title":"Popul Environ"},{"key":"2025101812484311000_14.6.e079361.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2009.1693","article-title":"Loss of resources and hurricane experience as predictors of postpartum depression among women in southern Louisiana","volume":"19","author":"Ehrlich","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"key":"2025101812484311000_14.6.e079361.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-015-1710-5"},{"key":"2025101812484311000_14.6.e079361.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2021.102415","article-title":"Assessing the effects of disasters and their aftermath on pregnancy and infant outcomes: a conceptual model","volume":"62","author":"Harville","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Disaster Risk Reduct"},{"key":"2025101812484311000_14.6.e079361.36","unstructured":"United Nations Population Fund . Minimum initial service package for sexual and reproductive health. 2020. Available: https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/resources\/minimum-initial-service-package-misp-srh-crisis-situations"},{"key":"2025101812484311000_14.6.e079361.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191516","article-title":"The impact of Typhoon Haiyan on admissions in two hospitals in Eastern Visayas, Philippines","volume":"13","author":"van Loenhout","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2025101812484311000_14.6.e079361.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-054145","article-title":"'We have a plan for that': a qualitative study of health system resilience through the perspective of health workers managing antenatal and childbirth services during floods in Cambodia","volume":"12","author":"Saulnier","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2025101812484311000_14.6.e079361.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joclim.2022.100131","article-title":"Short communication: the global health community needs to start planning for the impact of the climate crisis on maternal and newborn health","volume":"6","author":"Wheeler","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Journal of Climate Change and Health"},{"key":"2025101812484311000_14.6.e079361.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.14124"},{"key":"2025101812484311000_14.6.e079361.41","unstructured":"The World Bank . Classification by income. 2024. Available: https:\/\/datahelpdesk.worldbank.org\/knowledgebase\/articles\/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-079361","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T19:48:55Z","timestamp":1760816935000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-079361"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-079361"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-079361","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}}}