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It provides an important opportunity to examine the longitudinal impact of ACEs on health and development across the early life course. The MLSFH-ACE cohort provides rich data on adolescents, their children and adult caregivers in a low-income, high-HIV-prevalence context in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The MLSFH-ACE cohort is a population-based study of adolescents living in three districts in rural Malawi. Wave 1 enrolment took place in 2017\u20132018 and included 2061 adolescents aged 10\u201316 years and 1438 caregivers. Wave 2 took place in 2021 and included data on 1878 adolescents and 208 offspring. Survey instruments captured ACEs during childhood and adolescence, HIV-related behavioural risk, mental and physical health, cognitive development and education, intimate partner violence (IPV), marriage and aspirations, early transitions to adulthood and protective factors. Biological indicators included HIV, herpes simplex virus and anthropometric measurements.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings to date<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Key findings include a high prevalence of ACEs among adolescents in Malawi, a low incidence of HIV and positive associations between ACE scores and composite HIV risk scores. There were also strong associations between ACEs and both IPV victimisation and perpetration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Future plans<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MLSFH-ACE data will be publicly released and will provide a wealth of information on ACEs and adolescent outcomes in low-income, HIV-endemic SSA contexts. Future expansions of the cohort are planned to capture data during early adulthood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-079631","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]],"date-time":"2024-05-08T13:06:21Z","timestamp":1715173581000},"page":"e079631","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Cohort profile: the Adverse Childhood Experiences cohort of the Malawi Longitudinal Study of Families and Health"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7202-5571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Kidman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Public Health and Department of Family Population and Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University (The State University of New York), Stony Brook, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Mwera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Compelling Works, Blantyre, Malawi"},{"name":"Invest in Knowledge (IKI), Zomba, Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0368-6952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang (Tingting)","family":"Rui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Etienne","family":"Breton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"},{"name":"University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Zulu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Compelling Works, Blantyre, Malawi"},{"name":"Invest in Knowledge (IKI), Zomba, Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jere","family":"Behrman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Economics and Sociology, Population Aging Research Center and Population Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-Peter","family":"Kohler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology and Population Aging Research Center and Population Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121514111628000_14.5.e079631.1","unstructured":"UNICEF . 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