{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T13:39:08Z","timestamp":1794231548224,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717632000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/V03510X\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/V03510X\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Primary dysmenorrhoea occurs in up to 50% of menstruating females. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most commonly used therapeutic remedies for dysmenorrhoea in Uganda. However, NSAIDs are associated with a 3\u20135 fold increase in the risk of gastrointestinal (GI) adverse drug effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of self-reported NSAID-related GI adverse effects in female students who use NSAIDs in managing dysmenorrhoea-associated pain at Makerere University.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Makerere University\u2019s main campus, situated North of Kampala, Uganda.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>314 female students pursuing an undergraduate programme at Makerere University and residing in different halls of residence and hostels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Outcomes<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Social demographic data, menstrual history and treatment data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, 314 valid responses were received from female students with a median age of 22 years (IQR: 18\u201329 years). The median age at menarche was 13 years (IQR: 9\u201318 years). 41% (n=129\/314) of the respondents had used medication for dysmenorrhoea and 32% (n=41\/129) of whom reported NSAID-associated GI adverse effects with nausea being the most frequently reported (44%, n=18\/41)<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Factors independently associated with GI adverse effects were: age at menarche (p=0.026), duration of menstruation (p=0.030) and use of ibuprofen (p=0.005). Females taking ibuprofen for dysmenorrhoea were about four times as likely to have NSAID-associated GI adverse effects (adjusted OR 3.87, 95%\u2009CI 1.51 to 9.91) than those who did not receive ibuprofen. Logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with self-reported adverse effects of NSAIDs among the female students. A p&lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found a considerably high prevalence of NSAID-related GI adverse effects driven by factors such as age at menarche and ibuprofen use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-079660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T21:20:19Z","timestamp":1717708819000},"page":"e079660","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Self-reported gastrointestinal adverse effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in female students with dysmenorrhoea at Makerere University: prevalence, discontinuation and associated factors. a cross sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9881-6341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Solomon","family":"Gobba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8837-1954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Winnie","family":"Kibone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2636-4115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronald","family":"Kiguba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121410260244000_14.6.e079660.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.15713\/ins.jcri.112","article-title":"Definition of pain and classification of pain disorders","volume":"3","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"JCRI"},{"key":"2025121410260244000_14.6.e079660.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith RP . The clinical classification and causes of Dysmenorrhea. In: Dysmenorrhea and Menorrhagia:. 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