{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T14:15:42Z","timestamp":1784297742766,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]],"date-time":"2024-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717459200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01DG21016A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01DG21016A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Universal health coverage (UHC) is a global priority, ensuring equitable access to quality healthcare services without financial hardship. Many countries face challenges in progressing towards UHC. Health financing is pivotal for advancing UHC by raising revenues, enabling risk-sharing through pooling of funds and allocating resources. Digital technologies in the healthcare sector offer promising opportunities for health systems. In low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), digital technologies for health financing (DTHF) have gained traction, supporting these three main functions of health financing for UHC. As existing information on DTHF in LMICs is limited, our scoping review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of DTHF in LMICs. Our objectives include identifying and describing existing DTHF, exploring evaluation approaches, examining their positive and negative effects, and investigating facilitating factors and barriers to implementation at the national level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our scoping review follows the six stages proposed by Arksey and O\u2019Malley, further developed by Levac\n                      <jats:italic>et al<\/jats:italic>\n                      and the Joanna Briggs Institute. The reporting adheres to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews framework. Eligibility criteria for studies reflect the three core elements of the search: (1) health financing, (2) digital technologies and (3) LMICs. We search multiple databases, including Medline via PubMed, EMBASE via Ovid, the Web of Science Core Collection, CENTRAL via Cochrane and the Global Index Medicus by the WHO. The extracted information is synthesised from both quantitative and qualitative studies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As our scoping review is based solely on information gathered from previously published studies, documents and publicly available scientific literature, ethical clearance is not required for its conduct. The findings are presented and discussed in a peer-reviewed article, as well as shared at conferences relevant to the topic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-080132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]],"date-time":"2024-06-04T16:41:15Z","timestamp":1717519275000},"page":"e080132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Digital technologies for health financing in low-income and middle-income countries: a scoping review protocol"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6495-4828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Pioch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Care Management, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Verena","family":"Struckmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Care Management, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nouria","family":"Brikci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8677-1337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"De Allegri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Global Health, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3393-0840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julius Valentin","family":"Emmrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Global Health, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"Charite Center for Global Health, Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Knauss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Global Health, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"Charite Center for Global Health, Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inke","family":"Mathauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Systems Governance and Financing, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6562-1583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Opoku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Care Management, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Health Policy, Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilm","family":"Quentin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Care Management, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121509010058000_14.6.e080132.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization, World Bank . Tracking universal health coverage. In: World Health Organization. Tracking Universal Health Coverage: 2021 Global Monitoring Report. Geneva: World Health Organization and World Bank, Available: http:\/\/elibrary.worldbank.org\/doi\/book\/10.1596\/36724 [accessed 13 Dec 2021]."},{"key":"2025121509010058000_14.6.e080132.2","unstructured":"World Health Organization . The World Health Report 2010: Health Systems Financing: The Path to Universal Coverage. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2010."},{"key":"2025121509010058000_14.6.e080132.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.12.113985"},{"key":"2025121509010058000_14.6.e080132.4","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Global Strategy on Digital Health 2020-2025. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2021."},{"key":"2025121509010058000_14.6.e080132.5","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Digital Technologies for Health Financing: What Are the Benefits and Risks for UHC? Some Initial Reflections. 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USAID Rwanda integrated health systems activity (RIHSA): annual report. 2021."},{"key":"2025121509010058000_14.6.e080132.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9745\/GHSP-D-18-00271"},{"key":"2025121509010058000_14.6.e080132.11","unstructured":"Mangone E , Riley P , Datari K . Digital financial services for health: A global evidence review. 2021."},{"key":"2025121509010058000_14.6.e080132.12","first-page":"1211","article-title":"Leapfrogging in international competition: A theory of cycles in national technological leadership","volume":"83","author":"Brezis","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am Econ Rev"},{"key":"2025121509010058000_14.6.e080132.13","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Classification of Digital health interventions V1.0: a shared language to describe the uses of Digital technology for health. 2018."},{"key":"2025121509010058000_14.6.e080132.14","unstructured":"Brikci N , Njefi-Pene K , Erlangga D , et al . Digital Technologies supporting health financing: a systematic review and expert discussion. 2023."},{"key":"2025121509010058000_14.6.e080132.15","unstructured":"World Health Organization . The Implications of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Health Financing for Achieving Universal Health Coverage: Findings from a Rapid Literature Review. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2022."},{"key":"2025121509010058000_14.6.e080132.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/136466702000119616"},{"key":"2025121509010058000_14.6.e080132.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-5-69"},{"key":"2025121509010058000_14.6.e080132.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peters MD , Godfrey C , McInerney P , et al . Chapter 11: Scoping reviews. In: Aromataris E , Munn Z , eds. JBI manual for evidence synthesis. 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