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Respiratory diseases typically follow seasonal patterns; however, knowledge regarding the seasonality of COVID-19 and its impact on the seasonality of influenza remains limited. The objective of this study was to provide more evidence to understand the circulation of SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, in an endemic scenario to guide potential preventive strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, a descriptive analysis was undertaken to describe seasonality trends and\/or overlap between COVID-19 and influenza in 12 low-income and middle-income countries using Our World in Data and FluMart data sources. Plots of COVID-19 and influenza cases were analysed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, the Philippines, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, South Africa, Morocco, Bahrain, Qatar and Saudi Arabia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>COVID-19 cases and influenza cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No seasonal patterns of SARS-CoV-2 or SARS-CoV-2\/influenza cocirculation were observed in most countries, even when considering the avian influenza pandemic period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results can inform public health strategies. The lack of observed seasonal behaviour highlights the importance of maintaining year-round vaccination rather than implementing seasonal campaigns. Further research investigating the influence of climate conditions, social behaviour and year-round preventive measures could be fundamental for shaping appropriate policies related to COVID-19 and respiratory viral disease control in low-income and middle-income countries as COVID-19 variant data and epidemiologic patterns accrue over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-081019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T12:35:56Z","timestamp":1706704556000},"page":"e081019","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Descriptive analysis to assess seasonal patterns of COVID-19 and influenza in low-income and middle-income countries in Asia, the Middle East and Latin America"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9111-7666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moe H","family":"Kyaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia Regazzini","family":"Spinardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oladayo","family":"Jagun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Conrado","family":"Franco Villalobos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venediktos","family":"Kapetanakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Sharf-Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5147-1588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Yarnoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024013109351060000_14.1.e081019.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01680-06"},{"key":"2024013109351060000_14.1.e081019.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1031","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30264-5","article-title":"Global patterns in monthly activity of influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, and metapneumovirus: a systematic analysis","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2024013109351060000_14.1.e081019.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00056813"},{"key":"2024013109351060000_14.1.e081019.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neumann G , Kawaoka Y . 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