{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T06:20:47Z","timestamp":1765779647951,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707350400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare industry payment patterns among US psychiatrists and psychiatric advanced practice clinicians (APCs) and determine how scope of practice laws has influenced these patterns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study used the publicly available US Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Sunshine Act Open Payment database and the National Plan and Provider Enumeration System (NPPES) database for the year 2021.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All psychiatrists and psychiatric APCs (subdivided into nurse practitioners (NPs) and clinical nurse specialists (CNSs)) included in either database.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary and secondary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Number and percentage of clinicians receiving industry payments and value of payments received. Total payments and number of transactions by type of payment, payment source and clinician type were also evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 85\u2009053 psychiatric clinicians (61\u2009011 psychiatrists (71.7%), 21 895 NPs (25.7%), 2147 CNSs (2.5%)) were reviewed; 16\u2009240 (26.6%) psychiatrists received non-research payment from industry, compared with 10\u2009802 (49.3%) NPs and 231 (10.7%) CNSs (p&lt;0.001) for pairwise comparisons). Psychiatric NPs were significantly more likely to receive industry payments compared with psychiatrists (incidence rate ratio (IRR), 1.85 (95% CI 1.81 to 1.88); p&lt;0.001)). Compared with psychiatrists, NPs were more likely to receive payments of &gt; United States Dollars (US) $) 100 (33.9% vs 14.6%; IRR, 2.14 (2.08 to 2.20); p&lt;0.001) and &gt; US$ 1000 (5.3% vs 4.1%; IRR, 1.29 (1.20 to 1.38); p&lt;0.001) but less likely to receive &gt; US$ 10 000 (0.4% vs 1.0%; IRR, 0.39 (0.31 to 0.49); p&lt;0.001). NPs in states with \u2018reduced\u2019 or \u2018restricted\u2019 scope of practice received more frequent payments (reduced: IRR, 1.22 (1.18 to 1.26); restricted: IRR, 1.26 (1.22 to 1.30), both p&lt;0.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Psychiatric NPs were nearly two times as likely to receive industry payments as psychiatrists, while psychiatric CNSs were less than half as likely to receive payment. Stricter scope of practice laws increases the likelihood of psychiatric NPs receiving payment, the opposite of what was found in a recent specialty agnostic study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-081252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T21:40:41Z","timestamp":1707428441000},"page":"e081252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparison of industry payments to psychiatrists and psychiatric advanced practice clinicians in the USA, 2021: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0471-7995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Havlik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lydia","family":"Ososanya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megan S","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Syed","family":"Wahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Heyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiwei Wilton","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph S","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taeho Greg","family":"Rhee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121422180980000_14.2.e081252.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4189","article-title":"Association between payments from manufacturers of pharmaceuticals to physicians and regional prescribing: cross sectional ecological study","volume":"354","author":"Fleischman","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025121422180980000_14.2.e081252.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2019.1082","article-title":"Association between industry payments to physicians and gabapentinoid prescribing","volume":"179","author":"Rhee","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"2025121422180980000_14.2.e081252.3","first-page":"477","article-title":"Association between industry funding and statistically significant pro-industry findings in medical and surgical randomized trials","volume":"170","author":"Bhandari","year":"2004","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"2025121422180980000_14.2.e081252.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.4.454"},{"key":"2025121422180980000_14.2.e081252.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2019.2104","article-title":"When a vital sign leads a country astray-the opioid epidemic","volume":"154","author":"Chidgey","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"2025121422180980000_14.2.e081252.6","unstructured":"COVID-19 information page. 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