{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T01:46:55Z","timestamp":1793411215914,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709164800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":28,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>To explore the associations of long-term exposure to air pollution\n                            with onset of all human health conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Prospective phenome-wide association study.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Denmark.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>All Danish residents aged \u226530 years on 1 January 2000 were included\n                            (N=3 323 612). After exclusion of individuals with missing geocoded\n                            residential addresses, 3\u2009111\u2009988 participants were available for the\n                            statistical analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Main outcome measure<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>First registered diagnosis of every health condition according to\n                            the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, from 2000\n                            to 2017.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Long-term exposure to fine particulate matter\n                                (PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>) and nitrogen dioxide\n                                (NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) were both positively associated with the\n                            onset of more than 700 health conditions (ie, &gt;80% of the registered\n                            health conditions) after correction for multiple testing, while the\n                            remaining associations were inverse or insignificant. As regards the\n                            most common health conditions, PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>and\n                                NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>were strongest positively associated with\n                            chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>: HR\n                            1.06 (95% CI 1.05 to 1.07) per 1 IQR increase in exposure level;\n                                NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>: 1.14 (95% CI 1.12 to 1.15)), type 2\n                            diabetes (PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>: 1.06 (95% CI 1.05 to 1.06);\n                                NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>: 1.12 (95% CI 1.10 to 1.13)) and ischaemic\n                            heart disease (PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>: 1.05 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.05);\n                                NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>: 1.11 (95% CI 1.09 to 1.12)). Furthermore,\n                                PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>and NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>were both\n                            positively associated with so far unexplored, but highly prevalent\n                            outcomes relevant to public health, including senile cataract, hearing\n                            loss and urinary tract infection.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>The findings of this study suggest that air pollution has a more\n                            extensive impact on human health than previously known. However, as this\n                            study is the first of its kind to investigate the associations of\n                            long-term exposure to air pollution with onset of all human health\n                            conditions, further research is needed to replicate the study\n                            findings.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-081351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T18:52:23Z","timestamp":1709664743000},"page":"e081351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Air pollution and human health: a phenome-wide association study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8677-7133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilie Rune","family":"Hegelund","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amar J","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zorana J","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youn-Hee","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steffen","family":"Loft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bert","family":"Brunekreef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerard","family":"Hoek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kees","family":"de Hoogh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laust Hvas","family":"Mortensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024030510462732000_14.2.e081351.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30752-2"},{"key":"2024030510462732000_14.2.e081351.2","unstructured":"Brunekreef B , Strak M , Chen J , et al . Mortality\n                            and Morbidity Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Low-Level PM2.5, BC, NO2,\n                            and O3: An Analysis of European Cohorts in the ELAPSE Project. Boston:\n                            Health Effects Institute, 2021."},{"key":"2024030510462732000_14.2.e081351.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu458"},{"key":"2024030510462732000_14.2.e081351.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00419-2016","article-title":"A joint ERS\/ATS policy statement: what constitutes an adverse health effect of air pollution? 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