{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T15:59:39Z","timestamp":1790524779282,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714694400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"\n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n This study was conducted to assess financial protection and equity in the healthcare financing system among slum dwellers with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Iran in 2022.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design<\/jats:title>\n Cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Setting<\/jats:title>\n Primary care centres in Iran were selected from slums.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Participants<\/jats:title>\n Our study included 400 participants with T2D using a systematic random sampling method. Patients were included if they lived in slums for at least five consecutive years, were over 18 years old and did not have intellectual disabilities.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Primary and secondary measures<\/jats:title>\n A self-report questionnaire was used to assess cost-coping strategies vis-\u00e0-vis T2D expenditures and factors influencing them, as well as forgone care among slum dwellers.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Of the 400 patients who participated, 53.8% were female. Among the participants, 27.8% were illiterate, but 30.3% could read and write. 75.8% had income below 40\u2009million Rial. There was an association between age, education, income, basic insurance, supplemental insurance and cost-coping strategies (p<0.001). 88.2% of those with first university degree used health insurance and 34% of illiterate people used personal savings. 79.8% of people with income over 4\u2009million Rial reported using insurance to cope with healthcare costs while 55% of those with income under 4\u2009million Rial reported using personal savings and a combination of health insurance and personal savings to cope with healthcare costs. As a result of binary logistic regression, illiterate people (adjusted OR=16, 95% CI 3.65 to 70.17), individuals with low income (OR 5.024, 95%\u2009CI 2.42 to 10.41) and people without supplemental insurance (OR 1.885, 95%\u2009CI 0.03 to 0.37) are more likely to use other forms of cost-coping strategies than health insurance.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n As a result of insufficient use of insurance, cost-coping strategies used by slum dwellers vis-\u00e0-vis T2D expenditures do not protect them from financial risks. Expanding universal health coverage and providing supplemental insurance for those with T2D living in slums are recommended. Iran Health Insurance should adequately cover the costs of T2D care for slum dwellers so that they do not need to use alternative strategies.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-081989","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T11:30:13Z","timestamp":1714735813000},"page":"e081989","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Financial protection and equity in the healthcare financing system in Iran: a cross-sectional study among slum dwellers with type 2 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8079-1006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fawzieh","family":"Ghammari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Management School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kousar","family":"Heidari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education Development, Faculty Medical School, Ahvaz Jondishapour University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Khuzestan, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0409-0424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Habib","family":"Jalilian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Services Management, School of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121510452754000_14.5.e081989.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2011.10.029"},{"key":"2025121510452754000_14.5.e081989.2","unstructured":"FederationI ID . 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