{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T01:07:11Z","timestamp":1771031231970,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730160000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":28,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Accelerating Higher Education Expansion and Development (AHEAD) Operation of the Ministry of Higher Education, Sri Lanka, funded by the World Bank","award":["DOR STEM HEMS [6026-LK\/8743-LK]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOR STEM HEMS [6026-LK\/8743-LK]"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"\n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n This study aimed to assess the productivity loss and cost due to maternal ill-health conditions and its associated factors throughout pregnancy in rural Sri Lanka.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design<\/jats:title>\n A follow-up study of women registered in the Rajarata Pregnancy Cohort (RaPCo).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Setting<\/jats:title>\n Anuradhapura district, Sri Lanka.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Participants<\/jats:title>\n 1573 pregnant women who were followed up from pregnancy identification to termination.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Primary and secondary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n The primary outcome measures of this study are productivity loss due to maternal ill-health conditions expressed by days\/month and productivity cost due to maternal ill-health conditions expressed in monetary terms (US$)\/month. Data were collected monthly, and all pregnant women were asked to report the leading cause of maternal ill-health condition and the associated loss due to absenteeism and presenteeism.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n During the pregnancy follow-up, 3595 (81.5%) months had at least one episode of maternal ill-health condition. Of these, only 1729 (48.1%) episodes sought medical care. Assistance for lost routine work was reported in 1281 (35.6%) episodes. The absenteeism, presenteeism and gross and net productivity loss per month were 3.6, 4.5, 8.1 and 5.5\u2009days\/month, respectively. The corresponding productivity cost was US$15.26\/month. Nausea and vomiting (NVP) reported the highest prevalence (n=1599, 44.5%) until the second month of the third trimester, presenteeism (5.5\u2009days\/month) and gross productivity loss (9.5\u2009days\/month). Pregnant women with vaginal bleeding reported the highest absenteeism (6.2\u2009days\/month) and net productivity loss (6.8\u2009days\/month). Pregnant women diagnosed with anaemia reported the highest productivity cost (US$26.98\/month). Monthly household expenditure, poverty and receiving assistance were the associated factors of productivity loss (p<0.05).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Maternal ill-health conditions during pregnancy lead to productivity loss in rural Sri Lanka. NVP, vaginal bleeding and anaemia are the leading causes of productivity loss. Hence, controlling and preventing the leading causes are the recommended priorities.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-082798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T11:26:06Z","timestamp":1730287566000},"page":"e082798","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Assessment of the productivity loss due to leading maternal ill-health conditions: a follow-up study of a prospective pregnancy cohort in rural Sri Lanka"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0721-598X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sajan Praveena","family":"Gunarathna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6025-6022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuwan Darshana","family":"Wickramasinghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7977-6578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thilini Chanchala","family":"Agampodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Indika Ruwan","family":"Prasanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Mihintale, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7810-1774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suneth Buddhika","family":"Agampodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Public Health, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121410250252000_14.10.e082798.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization . 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