{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:36:21Z","timestamp":1787016981124,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740355200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the prevalence of depression and its associated factors among individuals with disabilities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Community-based study conducted in Ilam municipality, Nepal, from October to November 2019.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study was conducted among 164 people with physical, hearing and vision-related disabilities. Participants were selected through a simple random sampling method using the sampling frame obtained from Ilam municipality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main outcome measure<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Depression and its associated factors among people with disabilities. Depression was assessed via a validated Nepali version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Data collection was based on a pretested structured questionnaire.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of depression was 39% among people with disabilities, and 29.9% of the respondents were in borderline depression. In an unadjusted analysis, depression was significantly (p&lt;0.05) associated with comorbidities, absence of medical intervention, severe disabilities and disabilities acquired at birth. After adjusting for individual-level factors (age, sex, education, employment and physical activities), the level of disability and treatment accessibility were significantly associated with depression. After adjusting for family and community-level factors (economic status, experience of violence and social participation), depression remained significantly associated (p&lt;0.05) with having comorbidities, absence of medical intervention and presence of very severe disabilities. When adjusting for both individual-level and community-level factors, the level of disability continued to show a significant association with depression (OR 6.36 (moderate vs mild), 2.11 (severe vs mild) and 13.3 (very severe vs mild), overall p-value of 0.045). Across all three adjusted models, the level of disability was significantly associated with depression (p&lt;0.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Depression is one of the major global public health concerns, with people with disabilities being particularly vulnerable. Ensuring the health and well-being of people with disabilities requires focused attention and strategic planning, emphasising disease prevention, health promotion and improved access to care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-082955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T11:05:11Z","timestamp":1740481511000},"page":"e082955","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Depression among individuals with disabilities: a community-based cross-sectional study in Nepal"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7883-0141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Apekshya","family":"Ghimire","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Durga Kumari Khadka","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121400083701000_15.2.e082955.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization . 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