{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T18:22:02Z","timestamp":1787250122911,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]],"date-time":"2024-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727222400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012459","name":"Chongqing Graduate Student Research Innovation Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KJZD-K202300101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJZD-K202300101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012459","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005230","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0237"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0237"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005230","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Chongqing Municipal Education Committee","award":["KJQN202400120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJQN202400120"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"\n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To characterise the prevalence of myopia and eye diseases among school adolescents and children in Southwest China, and to evaluate the effectiveness of myopia control tools.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design<\/jats:title>\n Retrospective cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Setting<\/jats:title>\n Across 95 basic education institutions in Southwest China.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Participants<\/jats:title>\n 96 146 children aged 3\u201317 years from a school-based survey conducted between 2019 and 2021.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Primary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n The data of vision assessment and eye disease examination of school students were analysed, including a total of four surveys once per semester. The prevalence of myopia categorised as low (\u22120.5D to \u22123.0D), moderate (\u22123.0D to \u22126.0D) and high (\u2265\u22126.0D), along with the prevalence of significant ocular diseases, was assessed. Stratified analyses were conducted to investigate the impact of correction time on visual acuity (VA) and biological parameters. Subsequently, the subjects across the groups were matched using the nearest neighbour method, followed by multidimensional statistical analysis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n The prevalence of myopia among the surveyed students was 38.39%. After controlling for confounding variables, the statistical analysis revealed a 0.1 increase in mean VA within the orthokeratology group and a 0.1 decrease in VA within the spectacle group (p<0.001), with statistically significant differences in corneal radius, corneal curvature and equivalent spherical lens (p<0.05). Multivariate analysis indicated a statistically significant reduction in VA in the ophthalmopathy group compared with the control group (p=0.031). Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the risk of eye disease during vision correction was greater among older students than their younger counterparts (OR>1), and that female students exhibited a higher risk than male students (OR=1.5).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n The current high prevalence of myopia and eye diseases among Southwest China\u2019s school youths demands public health attention. Minors wearing orthokeratology lenses at night, especially in primary school, exhibit significantly improved naked-eye vision. However, vigilant eye healthcare during the correction period is crucial, especially for girls.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-083051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]],"date-time":"2024-09-25T22:50:15Z","timestamp":1727304615000},"page":"e083051","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Developmental characteristics and control effects of myopia and eye diseases in children and adolescents: a school-based retrospective cohort study in Southwest China"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Wenyi","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Data Research, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center; Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Health Statistics Information Center, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiang","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chengdu Aier Eye Hospital, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chengdu Aier Eye Hospital, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Data Research, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center; Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Data Research, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center; Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danni","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center; Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center; Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1109-5709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lingyun","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Data Research, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center; Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121508121572000_14.9.e083051.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/09286586.2019.1659979","article-title":"Geographical Variation in Likely Myopia and Environmental Risk Factors: A Multilevel Cross Classified Analysis of A UK Cohort","volume":"27","author":"Morris","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025121508121572000_14.9.e083051.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-020-01763-9","article-title":"Longitudinal association between myopia and parental myopia and outdoor time among students in Wenzhou: a 2.5-year longitudinal cohort study","volume":"21","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025121508121572000_14.9.e083051.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232852","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and long-term evolution of lamellar macular hole in high myopia","volume":"15","author":"Hsia","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025121508121572000_14.9.e083051.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01658100701486459"},{"key":"2025121508121572000_14.9.e083051.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003299","article-title":"Genome-wide analysis points to roles for extracellular matrix remodeling, the visual cycle, and neuronal development in myopia","volume":"9","author":"Kiefer","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"2025121508121572000_14.9.e083051.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006"},{"key":"2025121508121572000_14.9.e083051.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40101-024-00354-7","article-title":"The influence of the environment and lifestyle on myopia","volume":"43","author":"Biswas","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Physiol Anthropol"},{"key":"2025121508121572000_14.9.e083051.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-020-1316-6","article-title":"Factors associated with myopia in Korean children: Korea National Health and nutrition examination survey 2016-2017 (KNHANES VII)","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025121508121572000_14.9.e083051.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12895","article-title":"Comparison between estimated and measured myopia progression in Hong Kong children without myopia control intervention","volume":"41","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"2025121508121572000_14.9.e083051.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.4080","article-title":"Prevalence of Myopia in Children Before, During, and After COVID-19 Restrictions in Hong Kong","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2025121508121572000_14.9.e083051.11","unstructured":"General Office of the Ministry of Education of the People\u2019s Republic of China . 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