{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T17:17:41Z","timestamp":1772990261710,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736208000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The sun is one of the primary natural sources of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and a known human carcinogen. It has been related to melanoma and several skin cancers, such as squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma. Non-melanoma skin cancers are prevalent in South Africa, with high reported incidence rates in both genders. Due to its diversified population, South Africa experiences extreme ultraviolet index (UVI) levels, reaching 13 in the summer (a UVI of 11+ is considered extreme). Most summer workdays expose outdoor workers to repeated UVR exposure, which can lead to health risks like sunburn, premature ageing, cataracts, and an increased risk of skin cancer. This study aims to evaluate UV radiation exposure among outdoor military workers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional quantitative study will occur at the Lohatla military base in Kathu, Northern Cape province of South Africa, using personal electronic dosimeters for solar UVR assessment. Additionally, a self-administered questionnaire will assist in assessing health effects and perceived exposure behaviours. The study addresses a critical public health concern, exploring significant risks associated with UVR exposure among outdoor military workers across different demographics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Health Sciences Research Committees of the University of Free State (UFS-HSD2023\/1227\/2811). The confidential data will be accessed by the named researchers and stored in secure password-protected platforms. In addition, the findings will be disseminated through high-impact publications in various formats to government departments and the broader scientific community.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-083811","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T16:25:36Z","timestamp":1736267136000},"page":"e083811","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cross-sectional study protocol to assess ultraviolet radiation exposure among military outdoor workers in Lohatla, Northern Cape Province of South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8518-6268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sipho David","family":"Galawe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Sciences, Central University of Technology Free State, Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2282-6375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kgomotso","family":"Lebelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Health Division, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9095-354X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phoka Caiphus","family":"Rathebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg - Doornfontein Campus, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121513001400000_15.1.e083811.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-6405.12470"},{"key":"2025121513001400000_15.1.e083811.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/derm.1.5.9707"},{"key":"2025121513001400000_15.1.e083811.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1111\/php.13008","article-title":"Solar Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure and Sun Protection Behaviors and Knowledge Among a High-Risk and Overlooked Group of Outdoor Workers in South Africa","volume":"95","author":"Nkogatse","year":"2019","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol"},{"key":"2025121513001400000_15.1.e083811.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolf TS , Kenney LE , Larry KW . 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