{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T18:17:39Z","timestamp":1778350659098,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715644800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1131279"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1131279"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D43TW010540"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43TW010540"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["cooperative agreement 1UM1HL134590"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cooperative agreement 1UM1HL134590"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prenatal and postnatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) has been linked with early childhood caries (ECC), but the specific molecular mechanisms and pathways remain largely unknown. The Caries Risk from exposure to Environmental tobacco Smoke (CARES) within the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network (HAPIN) study aims to establish the association between ETS and ECC by employing epidemiological and novel biomarker-based approaches. Here, we outline the overall design and rationale of the project.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We will leverage the infrastructure and data from the HAPIN trial (India) to mount the CARES study. In this ambidirectional cohort study, children (n=735, aged: 3\u20135 years) will undergo ECC examination by a trained dentist using standard criteria and calibrated methods. Structured questionnaires will be used to gather information on sociodemographic variables, dietary habits, oral hygiene, oral health-related quality of life and current exposure to ETS. We will collect non-invasive or minimally invasive biospecimens (i.e., saliva, buccal cells, dried blood spots and urine) from a subset of HAPIN children (n=120) to assess a battery of biomarkers indicative of exposure to ETS, early biological effect and epigenetic modifications. Both self-reported and objective measures of ETS exposure collected longitudinally during in utero and early postnatal periods will be accessed from the HAPIN database. We will apply current science data techniques to assess the association and interrelationships between ETS, ECC, and multiple biomarkers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Information gathered in this research will be published in peer-reviewed journals and summaries will be shared with the key stakeholders as well as patients and their parents\/guardians involved in this study. Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research Ethics Board has approved the study protocol (IEC-NI22\/JUL\/83\/82).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\" xlink:href=\"NCT02944682\">NCT02944682<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-083874","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T13:25:57Z","timestamp":1715779557000},"page":"e083874","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Protocol for CARES\u2013HAPIN: an ambidirectional cohort study on exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and risk of early childhood caries"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"14","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct02944682","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct02944682","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6698-2711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sneha S","family":"Patil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8221-1682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naveen","family":"Puttaswamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andres","family":"Cardenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5566-2138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dana Boyd","family":"Barr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Santu","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, St John's Medical College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kalpana","family":"Balakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.1","unstructured":"Pr\u00fcss-\u00dcst\u00fcn A . Preventing Disease through Healthy Environments. Towards an Estimate of the Environmental Burden of Disease. Geneva: WHO, 2006."},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2007.01809.x"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.3","first-page":"451","article-title":"Identifying critical windows of exposure for children\u2019s health","volume":"108 Suppl 3","author":"Selevan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr236"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-05-0456"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph8051503"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202497","article-title":"Association between passive tobacco exposure and caries in children and adolescents. A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Valero","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/froh.2021.673449","article-title":"Correlation between maternal smoking during pregnancy and dental Caries in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Zhong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Oral Health"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntad093","article-title":"Passive smoking and oral health of infants, preschoolers, and children: A systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Uthayakumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-71495-9","article-title":"Low levels of salivary metals, oral microbiome composition and dental decay","volume":"10","author":"Davis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.11","unstructured":"Global oral health status report: towards universal health coverage for oral health by 2030. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2022."},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.12","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. National Call to Action to Promote Oral Health. . Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. [NIH Publication no.03-5303]. Spring 2003."},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17030","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.30","article-title":"Dental Caries","volume":"3","author":"Pitts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.14","first-page":"72","article-title":"Early childhood caries: IAPD Bangkok declaration","volume":"86","author":"Pitts","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Dent Child (Chic)"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2012.00719.x","article-title":"Social determinants of oral health inequalities: implications for action","volume":"40","author":"Watt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comm Dent Oral Epid"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345211056247","article-title":"Global burden and inequality of dental caries, 1990 to 2019","volume":"101","author":"Wen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12484","article-title":"Early childhood caries epidemiology, aetiology, risk assessment, societal burden, management, education, and policy: global perspective","volume":"29","author":"Tinanoff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Paediatr Dent"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-018-2793-y","article-title":"Prevalence of Early Childhood Caries in India - A Systematic Review","volume":"86","author":"Ganesh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking","volume":"83","year":"2004","journal-title":"IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.20","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . The Health Consequences of Smoking: 50 Years of Progress. A Report of the Surgeon General [Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health]. 2014. Available: http:\/\/www.surgeongeneral.gov\/library\/reports\/50-years-of-progress\/full-report.pdf"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.21","unstructured":"\u00d6berg M , Woodward A , Jaakkola MS , et al . Global estimate of the burden of disease from second-hand smoke. World Health Organization 2010."},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.22","article-title":"Family and carer smoking control programmes for reducing children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke","volume":"1","author":"Behbod","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.23","unstructured":"Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS-2) India 2016\u201317, Available: https:\/\/ntcp.mohfw.gov.in\/assSHS\/document\/surveys-reports-publications\/Global-Adult-Tobacco-Survey-Second-Round-India-2016-2017.pdf [Accessed 23 Oct 2023]."},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0185(20000401)258:4<397::AID-AR8>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"Effects of fetal exposure to nicotine on dental development of the laboratory rat","volume":"258","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.3.540"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2009.01.017"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp333"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47008","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP6407","article-title":"Design and Rationale of the HAPIN Study: A Multicountry Randomized Controlled Trial to Assess the Effect of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Stove and Continuous Fuel Distribution","volume":"128","author":"Clasen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12025"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2009.00514.x"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47010","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP5751","article-title":"Design and Rationale of the Biomarker Center of the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network (HAPIN) Trial","volume":"128","author":"Barr","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1097\/00007691-199310000-00012","article-title":"Saliva nicotine as an index of plasma levels in nicotine skin patch users","volume":"15","author":"Rose","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ther Drug Monit"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1462220031000094213"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/dem.2007.0038"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.110796","article-title":"The use of dried blood spots for characterizing children\u2019s exposure to organic environmental chemicals","volume":"195","author":"Barr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.9.4438-4441.2003"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.4103\/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_61_18","article-title":"Assessment of cotinine in urine and saliva of smokers, passive smokers, and nonsmokers: method validation using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry","volume":"61","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-023-00554-w","article-title":"Environmental tobacco smoke exposure is associated with increased levels of metals in children\u2019s saliva","volume":"33","author":"Gatzke-Kopp","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu049"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt090","article-title":"Low-level processing of Illumina Infinium DNA Methylation BeadArrays","volume":"41","author":"Triche","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/tx300282k"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2012.06.004","article-title":"BPDE-like DNA adduct level in oral tissue may act as a risk biomarker of oral cancer","volume":"58","author":"Chuang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.0c00223","article-title":"Quantitative Liquid Chromatography-Nanoelectrospray Ionization-High-Resolution Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Acrolein-DNA Adducts and Etheno-DNA Adducts in Oral Cells from Cigarette Smokers and Nonsmokers","volume":"33","author":"Paiano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgac058","article-title":"Detection of DNA adducts derived from the tobacco carcinogens, benzo[a]pyrene and dibenzo[def,p]chrysene in human oral buccal cells","volume":"43","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101816","article-title":"Validation of a LC-MS\/MS method for quantifying urinary nicotine, six nicotine metabolites and the minor tobacco alkaloids-anatabine and anabasine-in smokers' urine","volume":"9","author":"McGuffey","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1003316","article-title":"Air pollution exposure during pregnancy, ultrasound measures of fetal growth, and adverse birth outcomes: a prospective cohort study","volume":"120","author":"van den Hooven","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.09.017","article-title":"Fetal growth and air pollution - A study on ultrasound and birth measures","volume":"152","author":"Malmqvist","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1409423","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to No2 and ultrasound measures of fetal growth in the Spanish INMA cohort","volume":"124","author":"I\u00f1iguez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901228"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy019","article-title":"Effects of prenatal exposure to ambient air pollutant PM10 on ultrasound-measured fetal growth","volume":"47","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2005.06.012"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.52","first-page":"1","article-title":"Some non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and some related exposures","volume":"92","year":"2010","journal-title":"IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2020.122284","article-title":"Cross-validation of biomonitoring methods for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites in human urine: Results from the formative phase of the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network (HAPIN) trial in India","volume":"1154","author":"Puttaswamy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-10-1027"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2011-050144"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-99259-z","article-title":"Simultaneous analysis of urinary total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol, N'-nitrosonornicotine, and cotinine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass-spectrometry","volume":"11","author":"Nikam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2832","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000001729","article-title":"Iron deficiency and early childhood Caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"134","author":"Ji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-03422-z","article-title":"Correlation between vitamin D levels in serum and the risk of dental caries in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2009.02.005"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/350569a0"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.301208"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1978","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx212","article-title":"Association between exposure to second-hand smoke and telomere length: cross-sectional study of 1303 non-smokers","volume":"46","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2010.19"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i131","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbn022","article-title":"The use of dried blood spot sampling in the national social life, health, and aging project","volume":"64B","author":"Williams","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2282967"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47004","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP5838","article-title":"A quantile-based g-computation approach to addressing the effects of exposure mixtures","volume":"128","author":"Keil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.67","unstructured":"Team RC . R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2015."},{"key":"2025121513213153000_14.5.e083874.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3252"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-083874","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T21:21:44Z","timestamp":1765833704000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-083874"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-083874"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-083874","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}}}