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This paper explores the role of fluid management in the clinical care of AD patients, which has been unclear despite the substantial existing research that has been conducted on the treatment of AD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective case-control study using data for AD patients from public databases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two public intensive care unit (ICU) databases with hospital courses from the USA, Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care (MIMIC)-IV critical care dataset and the eICU Collaborative Research Database, with data from 2008 to 2019.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 751 adult AD patients with detailed fluid management records from two databases were included.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mean 24-hour intake and output were calculated by dividing the total amount of intake and output by the number of days in the ICU, respectively. The mean 24-hour fluid balance was generated by subtracting the output from the intake.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The relationship between the mean 24-hour fluid management and all-cause in-hospital death was assessed through univariate and multivariable regression analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A positive correlation was found between mean 24-hour fluid intake and in-hospital mortality among AD patients (OR 1.029, 95% CI (1.018, 1.041), p&lt;0.001), whereas a negative correlation was revealed between mean 24-hour fluid output and in-hospital mortality (OR 0.941, 95% CI (0.914, 0.968), p&lt;0.001). A similar result was found for mean 24-hour fluid balance (OR 1.030, 95% CI (1.019, 1.042), p&lt;0.001), and the cut-off was selected to be 5.12\u2009dL (AUC=0.778, OR 3.066, 95% CI (1.634, 5.753), p&lt;0.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study stresses the importance of fluid balance in the clinical care of AD patients and provides new insights for optimising fluid management and monitoring strategies beyond the conventional focus on blood pressure and heart rate management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-083933","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]],"date-time":"2025-02-08T11:40:57Z","timestamp":1739014857000},"page":"e083933","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Fluid balance and clinical outcomes in 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