{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T03:03:31Z","timestamp":1777086211017,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]],"date-time":"2024-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721088000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001663","name":"Volkswagen Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Az.: 9A 548"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Az.: 9A 548"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Identifying key barriers to accessing quality-assured and affordable antimicrobials among forcibly displaced persons in Uganda, Yemen and Colombia and investigating their (1) utilisation patterns of antibiotics, (2) knowledge about antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and (3) perception of the quality of antimicrobials received.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pilot cross-sectional survey.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were collected from five health facilities in the Kiryandongo refugee settlement (Bweyale, Uganda), three camps for internally displaced persons (IDPs) in the Dar Sad district (Aden, Yemen) and a district with a high population of Venezuelan migrants (Kennedy district, Bogot\u00e1, Colombia). Data collection took place between February and May 2021. The three countries were selected due to their high number of displaced people in their respective continents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>South Sudanese refugees in Uganda, IDPs in Yemen and Venezuelan migrants in Colombia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Outcome measure<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The most common barriers to access to quality-assured and affordable antimicrobials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 136 participants were enrolled in this study. Obtaining antimicrobials through informal pathways, either without a doctor\u2019s prescription or through family and friends, was common in Yemen (27\/50, 54.0%) and Colombia (34\/50, 68.0%). In Yemen and Uganda, respondents used antibiotics to treat (58\/86, 67.4%) and prevent (39\/86, 45.3%) a cold. Knowledge of AMR was generally low (24\/136, 17.6%). Barriers to access included financial constraints in Colombia and Uganda, prescription requirements in Yemen and Colombia, and non-availability of drugs in Uganda and Yemen.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our multicentred research identified common barriers to accessing quality antimicrobials among refugees\/IDPs\/migrants and common use of informal pathways. The results suggest that knowledge gaps about AMR may lead to potential misuse of antimicrobials. Due to the study\u2019s small sample size and use of non-probability sampling, the results should be interpreted with caution, and larger-scale assessments on this topic are needed. Future interventions designed for similar humanitarian settings should consider the interlinked barriers identified.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-084734","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]],"date-time":"2024-07-16T22:20:56Z","timestamp":1721168456000},"page":"e084734","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Access to and utilisation of antimicrobials among forcibly displaced persons in Uganda, Yemen and Colombia: a pilot cross-sectional survey"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2953-3252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Kamiab Hesari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Centre for Global Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4035-4121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saleh","family":"Aljadeeah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerpen, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2085-0304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petra","family":"Brhlikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9960-096X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dalia","family":"Hyzam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's Research and Training Centre, University of Aden, Aden, Yemen"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"Komakech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health and Behavioral Science, Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jhon Sebasti\u00e1n","family":"Pati\u00f1o Rueda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de los Andes Facultad de Medicina, Bogota, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jovana","family":"Ocampo Ca\u00f1as","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de los Andes Facultad de Medicina, Bogota, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6785-636X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carly","family":"Ching","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Orubu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health System Innovation and Policy, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Niger Delta University, Amassoma, Bayelsa, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Bernal Acevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huda","family":"Basaleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Aden, Aden, Yemen"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher Garimoi","family":"Orach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Zaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clarissa","family":"Prazeres da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Centre for Global Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121221441481000_14.7.e084734.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McEwen SA , Collignon PJ . 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