{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T04:24:43Z","timestamp":1773548683184,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,25]],"date-time":"2025-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737763200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["R01 CA260889"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 CA260889"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015652","name":"Barts Charity","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G-001522"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G-001522"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015652","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000289","name":"Cancer Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C50664\/A24460"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C50664\/A24460"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Worldwide, lung cancer (LC) is the second most frequent cancer and the leading cause of cancer related mortality. Low-dose CT (LDCT) screening reduced LC mortality by 20\u201324% in randomised trials of high-risk populations. A significant proportion of those screened have nodules detected that are found to be benign. Consequently, many individuals receive extra imaging and\/or unnecessary procedures, which can have a negative physical and psychological impact, as well as placing a financial burden on health systems. Therefore, there is a need to identify individuals who need no interval CT between screening rounds.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study is to identify risk factors predictive of LC, which are known at the time of the scan, in patients with LDCT screen-detected lung nodules. The MEDLINE and EMBASE databases will be searched and articles that are on cohorts or mention cohorts of screenees with nodules will be identified. A data extraction framework will ensure consistent extraction across studies. Individual participant data (IPD) will be collected to perform a one-stage IPD meta-analysis using hierarchical univariate models. Clustering will be accounted for by having separate intercept terms for each cohort. Where IPD is not available, the effects of risk factors will be extracted from publications, if possible. Effects from IPD cohorts and aggregate data will be reported and compared. The PROBAST (Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsessment Tool) will be used for assessment of quality of the studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ethical approval was not required as this study is a secondary analysis. The results will be disseminated through publication in peer-reviewed journals and presentations at relevant conferences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PROSPERO registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CRD42022309515<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-085118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,25]],"date-time":"2025-01-25T06:45:13Z","timestamp":1737787513000},"page":"e085118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Protocol for a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis for risk factors for lung cancer in individuals with lung nodules identified by low-dose CT screening"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4489-0282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panos","family":"Alexandris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Cancer Screening, Prevention and Early Diagnosis, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Quaife","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Cancer Screening, Prevention and Early Diagnosis, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine D","family":"Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US National Cancer Institute (Retired), Rockville, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Callister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8941-4813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip AJ","family":"Crosbie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection & Respiratory Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael PA","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harry J","family":"de Koning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John K","family":"Field","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark M","family":"Hammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolyn","family":"Horst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, 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